bṛhaspati : bṛ́has-páti m. (also written vṛh°-p°; fr. 3. bṛh + pati; cf. brahmaṇas-pati) ‘lord of prayer or devotion’, N. of a deity (in whom Piety and Religion are personified; he is the chief offerer of prayers and sacrifices, and therefore represented as the type of the priestly order, and the Purohita of the gods with whom he intercedes for men; in later times he is the god of wisdom and eloquence, to whom various works are ascribed; he is also regarded as son of Aṅgiras, husband of Tārā and father of Kaca, and sometimes identified with Vyāsa; in astronomy he is the regent of Jupiter and often identified with that planet), [RV.] &c., &c. (cf. [RTL. 215])

bṛhaspati : N. of a prince (great-grandson of Aśoka), [Buddh.]

bṛhaspati : of a king of Kaśmīra, [Rājat.]

bṛhaspati : of the author of a law-book, [IW. 203]; [302]

bṛhaspati : of a philosopher, [ib.] [120]

bṛhaspati : of other authors (also with miśra and ācārya cf. above), [Cat.]

bṛhaspati : (with āṅgirasa cf. above) N. of the author of [RV. x, 71]; [72]; [Anukr.]

nī : for nis (q.v.) before r.

nī : (for 1. See p. 543, col. 3) cl. 1. P. Ā. ([Dhātup. xxii, 5]) nayati, °te (pf. P. nināya, 2. sg. ninetha, [RV.], 1. pl. nīnima, [TS.]; Subj. ninīthás Pot. ninīyāt, [RV.]; Impv. ninetu, [MaitrS.]; Ā. ninye, [Br.] &c.; -nayām āsa, [MBh.]; -nayāṃ cakre, [R.]; aor. P. 3. du. anītām, Subj. néṣi, nethā́ or nethá, [RV.]; anaiṣīt Subj. neṣati, °ṣat, 3. pl. Ā. aneṣata, [ib.]; anayīt, [AV.]; fut. neṣyati, [AV.]; °te, [Br.]; nayiṣyati, °te, [MBh.]; [R.]; nétā, nayitā, [ib.]; ind.p. nītvā, [Br.] &c.; nayitvā, [MBh.]; -nī́ya, [AV.] &c.; inf. neṣáṇi, [RV.]; nétavai, °tos and nayitum, [Br.]; nétum, [ib.] &c. &c.), to lead, guide, conduct, direct, govern (also with agram and gen.; cf. agra-ṇī), [RV.] &c. &c.; to lead &c. towards or to (acc. with or without prati dat., loc. or artham ifc.), [ib.]; to lead or keep away, exclude from (abl.), [AitBr.]; (Ā.) to carry off for one's self (as a victor, owner &c.), [AV.]; [TĀr.]; [MBh.]; (Ā., rarely P.) to lead home i.e. marry, [MBh.]; [R.]; to bring into any state or condition (with acc., e.g. with vaśam, to bring into subjection, subdue [Ā. [RV. x, 84, 3]; [AV. v, 19, 5]; P. [Ragh. viii, 19]]; with śūdra-tām, to reduce to a Śūdra, [Mn. iii, 15]; with sākṣyam [Ā.], to admit as a witness, [viii, 197]; with vyāghra-tām, to change into a tiger, [Hit.]; with vikrayam, to sell, [Yājñ.]; with paritoṣam, to satisfy, [Pañc.]; with duḥkham, to pain, [Amar.]; rarely, with loc., e.g. duhitṛ-tve, to make a person one's daughter, [R. i, 44, 38]; or with an adv. in -sāt, e.g. bhasmasāt to reduce to ashes, [Pañc. i, 198/199]); to draw (a line &c.), [ŚāṅkhŚr.]; [Sūryas.]; to pass or spend (time), [Yājñ.]; [Kāv.] &c.; (with daṇḍam) to bear the rod i.e. inflict punishment, [Mn.]; [Yājñ.] (with vyavahāram) to conduct a process, [Yājñ.]; (with kriyām) to conduct a ceremony, preside over a religious act, [MBh.]; to trace, track, find out, ascertain, settle, decide (with anyathā, ‘wrongly’), [Mn.]; [Yājñ.]; [MBh.] &c.; (Ā.) to be foremost or chief, [Pāṇ. i, 3, 36] : Caus. nāyayati, °te, to cause to lead &c.; to cause to be led by (instr.), [Mn. v, 104] (cf. [Pāṇ. i, 4, 52], Vārtt. 5, [Pat.]) : Desid. nínīṣati, te ([AV. xix, 50, 5], w.r. nineṣati), to wish to lead or bring or carry to or into (acc. or dat.), [AV.]; [Up.]; [MBh.] &c.; to wish to carry away, [R.]; to wish to spend or pass (time), [Naiṣ.]; to wish to exclude from (abl.), [AitBr.]; to wish to find out or ascertain, investigate, [MBh.] : Intens. nenīyáte to lead as a captive, have in one's power, rule, govern, [TS.]; [VS.]; [MBh.]

nī : mfn. leading, guiding, a leader or guide (mostly ifc., cf. [Pāṇ. iii, 2, 61] and agra-ṇī, agreṇī; but also alone, cf. [vi, 4, 77]; [82] &c.)

nī : P. ny-eti (3. pl. ni-yanti; p. -yat; impf. ny-āyan ind.p. nītya), to go into (cf. nyāya), enter, come or fall into, incur (acc.), [RV.]; [AV.]; [TS.]; [ŚBr.]; to undergo the nature of i.e. to be changed into (°bhāvam), [RPrāt.]

nī : in comp. = 1. ni (p. 538, col. 3).

durgaha : dur—gáha n. (gāh) an impassable or impervious place, difficulty, danger, [RV.]

tiras : tirás ind. (g. svar-ādi; √ tṝ) through (acc.), [RV.]; [AV. xiii, 1, 36]

tiras : across, beyond, over (acc.), [RV.]; [AV. vii, 38, 5]

tiras : so as to pass by, apart from, without, against (acc.), [RV.] (°rás cittáni, ‘without the knowledge’ [vii, 59, 8]; °ró váśam, ‘against the will’ [x, 171, 4])

tiras : apart or secretly from (abl.), [AV. xii, 3, 39]; [ŚBr. i], [iii]

tiras : obliquely, transversely, [MārkP. xvii, 3]

tiras : apart, secretly, [TS. ii, 5, 10, 6]; [AitBr. ii]; [ŚBr.];

tiras : [cf. Zd. tarō; Lat. trans; Goth. thairh; Germ. durch; Hib. tar, tair.]

punar : púnar ind. back, home, in an opposite direction, [RV.] &c. &c. (with √ 1. gam, yā, to go back or away; with √ dā, to give back, restore; with √ bhū, to turn round; with √ as and dat., to fall back upon)

punar : again, once more (also with bhūyas), [ib.] (with √ bhū, to exist again, be renewed, become a wife again, re-marry)

punar : again and again, repeatedly, [ib.] (mostly púnaḥ p° which with na = nevermore)

punar : further, moreover, besides, [ib.] (also punar aparam; ādau-punar-paścāt, at first-then-later)

punar : however, still, nevertheless, [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c. (at the end of a verse it lays stress on a preceding atha vā, api vā, or vā alone; punar api, even again, on the other hand, also; kadā p°, at any time, ever; kim p°, how much more or less? however; — , now — now; at one time — at another time).

nī : for nis (q.v.) before r.

nī : (for 1. See p. 543, col. 3) cl. 1. P. Ā. ([Dhātup. xxii, 5]) nayati, °te (pf. P. nināya, 2. sg. ninetha, [RV.], 1. pl. nīnima, [TS.]; Subj. ninīthás Pot. ninīyāt, [RV.]; Impv. ninetu, [MaitrS.]; Ā. ninye, [Br.] &c.; -nayām āsa, [MBh.]; -nayāṃ cakre, [R.]; aor. P. 3. du. anītām, Subj. néṣi, nethā́ or nethá, [RV.]; anaiṣīt Subj. neṣati, °ṣat, 3. pl. Ā. aneṣata, [ib.]; anayīt, [AV.]; fut. neṣyati, [AV.]; °te, [Br.]; nayiṣyati, °te, [MBh.]; [R.]; nétā, nayitā, [ib.]; ind.p. nītvā, [Br.] &c.; nayitvā, [MBh.]; -nī́ya, [AV.] &c.; inf. neṣáṇi, [RV.]; nétavai, °tos and nayitum, [Br.]; nétum, [ib.] &c. &c.), to lead, guide, conduct, direct, govern (also with agram and gen.; cf. agra-ṇī), [RV.] &c. &c.; to lead &c. towards or to (acc. with or without prati dat., loc. or artham ifc.), [ib.]; to lead or keep away, exclude from (abl.), [AitBr.]; (Ā.) to carry off for one's self (as a victor, owner &c.), [AV.]; [TĀr.]; [MBh.]; (Ā., rarely P.) to lead home i.e. marry, [MBh.]; [R.]; to bring into any state or condition (with acc., e.g. with vaśam, to bring into subjection, subdue [Ā. [RV. x, 84, 3]; [AV. v, 19, 5]; P. [Ragh. viii, 19]]; with śūdra-tām, to reduce to a Śūdra, [Mn. iii, 15]; with sākṣyam [Ā.], to admit as a witness, [viii, 197]; with vyāghra-tām, to change into a tiger, [Hit.]; with vikrayam, to sell, [Yājñ.]; with paritoṣam, to satisfy, [Pañc.]; with duḥkham, to pain, [Amar.]; rarely, with loc., e.g. duhitṛ-tve, to make a person one's daughter, [R. i, 44, 38]; or with an adv. in -sāt, e.g. bhasmasāt to reduce to ashes, [Pañc. i, 198/199]); to draw (a line &c.), [ŚāṅkhŚr.]; [Sūryas.]; to pass or spend (time), [Yājñ.]; [Kāv.] &c.; (with daṇḍam) to bear the rod i.e. inflict punishment, [Mn.]; [Yājñ.] (with vyavahāram) to conduct a process, [Yājñ.]; (with kriyām) to conduct a ceremony, preside over a religious act, [MBh.]; to trace, track, find out, ascertain, settle, decide (with anyathā, ‘wrongly’), [Mn.]; [Yājñ.]; [MBh.] &c.; (Ā.) to be foremost or chief, [Pāṇ. i, 3, 36] : Caus. nāyayati, °te, to cause to lead &c.; to cause to be led by (instr.), [Mn. v, 104] (cf. [Pāṇ. i, 4, 52], Vārtt. 5, [Pat.]) : Desid. nínīṣati, te ([AV. xix, 50, 5], w.r. nineṣati), to wish to lead or bring or carry to or into (acc. or dat.), [AV.]; [Up.]; [MBh.] &c.; to wish to carry away, [R.]; to wish to spend or pass (time), [Naiṣ.]; to wish to exclude from (abl.), [AitBr.]; to wish to find out or ascertain, investigate, [MBh.] : Intens. nenīyáte to lead as a captive, have in one's power, rule, govern, [TS.]; [VS.]; [MBh.]

nī : mfn. leading, guiding, a leader or guide (mostly ifc., cf. [Pāṇ. iii, 2, 61] and agra-ṇī, agreṇī; but also alone, cf. [vi, 4, 77]; [82] &c.)

nī : P. ny-eti (3. pl. ni-yanti; p. -yat; impf. ny-āyan ind.p. nītya), to go into (cf. nyāya), enter, come or fall into, incur (acc.), [RV.]; [AV.]; [TS.]; [ŚBr.]; to undergo the nature of i.e. to be changed into (°bhāvam), [RPrāt.]

nī : in comp. = 1. ni (p. 538, col. 3).

aghaśaṃsa : aghá—śaṃsa (aghá-), mfn. wishing evil, wicked, [RV.]; [TBr.]

manma : in comp. for manman.

manman : mánman n. thought, understanding, intellect, wisdom, [RV.]

manman : expression of thought i.e. hymn, prayer, petition, [ib.]

manman : See p. 786, col. 3.

kṣip : cl. 6. P. kṣipáti Ā. kṣipate ([MBh.] &c.; cl. 4. P. kṣipyati, only, [Bhaṭṭ.]; Subj. kṣipát; perf. cikṣepa, [MBh.] &c.; ep. also cikṣipe; fut. 2nd kṣepsyati, [MBh.] &c.; ep. also °te; inf. kṣeptum; cf. [Pāṇ. vii, 2, 10]; [Siddh.]), to throw, cast, send, despatch, [AV. ix, 1, 10] and [20]; [Mn.]; [MBh.] (Pass. pr. p. kṣipyat, [i, 1126]) &c. to move hastily (the arms or legs), [Mṛcch.]; [BhP. x, 36, 14]; to throw a glance (as the eye), [Bhartṛ. i, 94]; to strike or hit (with a weapon), [RV. i, 182, 1]-[3]; to put or place anything on or in (loc.), pour on, scatter, fix or attach to (loc.), [Yājñ. i, 230]; [Bhag.]; [Mṛcch.] &c.; to direct (the thoughts) upon (loc.), [Sarvad.]; to throw away, cast away, get rid of [Bhartṛ. ii, 69]; [Kathās.]; to lay (the blame) on (loc.), [Hit.]; to utter abusive words, insult, revile, abuse, [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.; ‘to disdain’ i.e. to excel, beat, outvie, [BhP. iv, 8, 24] and [15, 17]; to strike down, ruin, destroy, [BhP. vi, 1, 14]; [BrahmaP.]; (Ā. ‘to destroy one another, go to ruin’ Pot. 3. pl. kṣiperan, [MBh. iii, 1094]); to pass or while away (the time or night, kālam, kṣapām), [Kathās. lv, 154]; [xcii, 84]; to lose (time, kālam; cf. kālakṣepa), [R. vii, 80, 14]; to skip or pass over (a day, dinam.), [Car. vi, 3]; (in math.) to add, [Gol.] : Caus. P. kṣepayati, to cause to cast or throw into (antar), [Kathās. xiii, 160]; to throw into, [R. ii, 76, 16]; to cause to descend into (loc.), [Kathās. lxxv, 121]; to pass or while away (the night, kṣapām), [ib.] [lvi, 75]; (aor. Subj. 2. sg. cikṣipas) to hurt, injure, [RV. x, 16, 1] (cf. Subj. kṣepayat s.v. √ 2. kṣi);

kṣip : [cf. Lat. sipo, dissipo, for xipo.]

kṣip : kṣíp pas, f. pl. (only used in nom.; the instr. is formed fr. kṣípā, [RV. ix, 59, 57]) ‘the movable ones’, the fingers, [RV. iii], [v], [ix] ([Naigh. ii, 5]).

aśasti : á-śasti f. not wishing well, curse, [RV. vi, 68, 6]

aśasti : (generally personified) a curser, hater, [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.]

apa : ápa ind. (as a prefix to nouns and verbs, expresses) away, off, back (opposed to úpa, ánu, sam, pra)

apa : down (opposed to ud).

apa : When prefixed to nouns, it may sometimes = the neg. particle a, e.g. apa-bhī, fearless; or may express deterioration, inferiority, &c. (cf. apa-pāṭha).

apa : (As a separable particle or adverb in Ved., with abl.) away from, on the outside of, without, with the exception of

apa : [cf. Gk. ἀπό; Lat. ab; Goth. af; Eng. of].

durmati : dur—matí f. bad disposition of mind, envy, hatred, [RV.]; [VS.]; [AV.]

durmati : false opinion or notions, [Cāṇ.]

durmati : dur—matí mfn. weak-minded, silly, ignorant (rarely ‘malicious’, ‘wicked’)

durmati : dur—matí m. fool, blockhead (rarely ‘scoundrel’, ‘villain’), [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.

durmati : N. of the 55th year of the cycle of Jupiter (lasting 60 years), [Var.]; [Sūryas.]

durmati : of a demon, [Lalit.]

durmati : of a blockhead, Bharat.

han : cl. 2. P. ([Dhātup. xxiv, 2]) hanti (3. du. hatáḥ, 3. pl. ghnanti; rarely Ā. hate, 3. pl. ghnate; and cl. 1. hanati, Ved. also jighnate, °ti; Pot. hanyāt, [Br.] also hánīta, ghnīta; Impv. jahí, [TĀr.] handhí; impf. áhan, Ved. and ep. also ahanat, ahanan, aghnanta; p. jaghnat, ghnamāna, [MBh.]; pf. jaghā́na, jaghnúḥ, [Br.] and ep. also jaghne, °nire, Subj. jaghánat, [RV.]; p. jaghnivás, Ved. also jaghanvas; aor. ahānīt, [JaimBr.] [cf. √ vadh]; fut. hantā, [MBh.]; haṃsyati, [ib.]; haniṣyáti, °te, [AV.] &c.; inf. hántum, Ved. also hántave, °tavaí, °toḥ; ind.p. hatvā́, Ved. also °tvī́, °tvāya, -hatya; -hanya, [MBh.]; -ghā́tam, [Br.] &c.), to strike, beat (also a drum), pound, hammer (acc.), strike &c. upon (loc.), [RV.] &c. &c.; to smite, slay, hit, kill, mar, destroy, [ib.]; to put to death, cause to be executed, [Mn.]; [Hit.]; to strike off, [Kathās.]; to ward off, avert, [MBh.]; to hurt, wound (the heart), [R.]; to hurl (a dart) upon (gen.), [RV.]; (in astron.) to touch, come into contact, [VarBṛS.]; to obstruct, hinder, [Rājat.]; to repress, give up, abandon (anger, sorrow &c.), [Kāv.]; [BhP.]; (?) to go, move, [Naigh. ii, 14] : Pass. hanyáte (ep. also °ti; aor. avadhi or aghāni), to be struck or killed, [RV.] &c. &c.: Caus. ghātayati, °te (properly a Nom. fr. ghāta, q.v.; aor. ajīghatat or ajīghanat), to cause to be slain or killed, kill, slay, put to death, punish, [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.; to notify a person's death (kaṃsaṃ ghātayati = kaṃsa-vadham ācaṣṭe), [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 26], Vārtt. 6 [Pat.]; to mar, destroy, [MBh.]; [Pañcat.] (v.l.) : Desid. jíghāṃsati, °te (Pot. jighāṃsīyat, [MBh.]; impf. ajighāṃsīḥ, [ŚBr.]), to wish to kill or destroy, [RV.] &c. &c.: Intens. jáṅghanti ([RV.]; p. jaṅghanat, jáṅghnat or ghánighnat), jaṅghanyate (with pass. sense, [MuṇḍUp.]), jeghnīyate ([Pāṇ. vii, 4, 31]), to strike = tread upon (loc. or acc.), [RV.]; to slay, kill, [ib.]; to dispel (darkness), destroy (evil, harm), [ib.]; to hurt, injure, wound, [MuṇḍUp.]

han : [cf. Gk. θείνω, θάνατος; ϕόνος, ἔπεϕνον πέϕαται; Lat. de-fendere, of-fendere; Lit. genu, gíti; Slav. gǔnati.]

han : mf(GnI)n. killing, a killer, slayer (only ifc.; see ari-, tamo-han &c.)

atha : átha or áthā (or Ved. áthā), ind. (probably fr. pronom. base a) an auspicious and inceptive particle (not easily expressed in English), now; then; moreover; rather; certainly; but; else; what? how else? &c.

kṛ : Ved. I) cl. 2. P. 2. sg. kárṣi du. kṛthás pl. kṛthá; Ā. 2. sg. kṛṣé; impf. 2. and 3. sg. ákar, 3. sg. rarely ákat ([ŚBr. iii], [xi]) ; 3. du. ákartām; pl. ákarma, ákarta (also, [BhP. ix]), ákran (aor., according to [Pāṇ. iv, 2, 80], [Kāś.]); Ā. ákri ([RV. x, 159, 4] and [174, 4]), ákṛthās ([RV. v, 30, 8]), ákṛta ([RV.]); akrātām ([ŚāṅkhŚr.]), ákrata ([RV.]; [AV.]) : Impv. kṛdhí (also, [MBh. i, 5141] and [BhP. viii]), kṛtám, kṛtá; Ā. kṛṣvá, kṛdhvám; Subj. 2. and 3. sg. kar pl. kárma, kárta and kartana, kran; Ā. 3. sg. kṛta ([RV. ix, 69, 5]), 3. pl. kránta ([RV. i, 141, 3]) : Pot. kriyāma ([RV. x, 32, 9]); pr. p. P. (nom. pl.) krántas Ā. krāṇá. II) cl. 1. P. kárasi, kárati, kárathas, káratas, káranti; Ā. kárase, kárate, kárāmahe: impf. ákaram, ákaras, ákarat (aor., according to [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 59]) : Impv. kára, káratam, káratām: Subj. káram, kárāṇi, káras, kárat, kárāma, káran; Ā. karāmahai; pr. p. f. kárantī ([Naigh.]) III) cl. 5. P. kṛṇómi, °ṇóṣi, °ṇóti, kṛṇuthás, kṛṇmás and kṛṇmasi, kṛṇuthá, kṛṇvánti; Ā. kṛṇvé, kṛṇuṣé, kṛṇuté, 3. du. kṛṇvaíte ([RV. vi, 25, 4]); pl. kṛṇmáhe, kṛṇváte: impf. ákṛṇos, ákṛṇot, ákṛṇutam, ákṛṇuta and °ṇotana ([RV. i, 110, 8]), ákṛṇvan; Ā. 3. sg. ákṛṇuta pl. ákṛṇudhvam, ákṛṇvata: Impv. kṛṇú or kṛṇuhí or kṛṇutā́t, kṛṇótu, kṛṇutám, kṛṇutā́m, 2. pl. kṛṇutá or kṛṇóta or kṛṇótana, 3. pl. kṛṇvántu; Ā. kṛṇuṣvá, kṛṇutā́m, kṛṇvā́thām, kṛṇudhvám: Subj. kṛṇávas, °ṇávat or °ṇávāt, kṛṇávāva, °ṇávāma, °ṇávātha, °ṇávatha, °ṇávan; Ā. kṛṇávai (once °ṇavā, [RV. x, 95, 2]), kṛṇavase (also, [ŚvetUp. ii, 7] v.l. °ṇvase), kṛṇavate, kṛṇávāvahai, kṛṇávāmahai, 3. pl. kṛṇávanta ([RV.]) or kṛṇavante or kṛṇvata ([RV.]) : Pot. Ā. kṛṇvītá; pr. p. P. kṛṇvát (f. °vatī́) Ā. kṛṇvāṇá. IV) cl. 8. (this is the usual formation in the Brāhmaṇas; Sūtras, and in classical Sanskṛt) P. karómi (ep. kurmi, [MBh. iii, 10943]; [R. ii, 12, 33]); kurvás, kuruthás, kurutás, kurmás [kulmas in an interpolation after, [RV. x, 128]], kuruthá, kurvánti; Ā. kurvé, &c., 3. pl. kurváte ([Pāṇ. vi, 4, 108]-[110]) : impf. akaravam, akaros, akarot, akurva, &c.; Ā. 3. sg. akuruta pl. akurvata: Impv. kuru, karotu (in the earlier language 2. and 3. sg. kurutāt, 3. sg. also, [BhP. vi, 4, 34]), kuruta or kurutana ([Nir. iv, 7]); Ā. kuruṣva, kurudhvam, kurvátām: Subj. karavāṇi, karavas, °vāt, °vāva or °vāvas ([Pāṇ. iii, 4, 98], [Kāś.]), °vāma or °vāmas ([ib.]), °vātha, °van; Ā. karavai, kuruthās, karavāvahai ([TUp.]; °he, [MBh. iii, 10762]), karavaithe, °vaite ([Pāṇ. iii, 4, 95], [Kāś.]), °vāmahai (°he, [MBh.]; [R. i, 18, 12]) : Pot. P. kuryām Ā. kurvīya ([Pāṇ. vi, 4, 109] and [110]); pr. p. P. kurvát (f. °vatī́); Ā. kurvāṇá: perf. P. cakā́ra, cakártha, cakṛvá, cakṛmá, cakrá ([Pāṇ. vii, 2, 13]); Ā. cakré, cakriré; p. cakṛvas (acc. cakrúṣam, [RV. x, 137, 1]); Ā. cakrāṇa ([Vop.]) : 2nd fut. kariṣyáti; Subj. 2. sg. kariṣyā́s ([RV. iv, 30, 23]); 1st fut. kártā: Prec. kriyāsam: aor. P. Ved. cakaram ([RV. iv, 42, 6]), acakrat ([RV. iv, 18, 12]), ácakriran ([RV. viii, 6, 20]); Ā. 1. sg. kṛske ([RV. x, 49, 7]); Class. akārṣīt ([Pāṇ. vii, 2, 1], [Kāś.]; once akāraṣīt, [BhP. i, 10, 1]); Pass. aor. reflex. akāri and akṛta ([Pāṇ. iii, 1, 62], [Kāś.]) : Inf. kártum, Ved. kártave, kártavaí, kártos (see ss.vv.); ind.p. kṛtvā́, Ved. kṛtvī́ [[RV.]] and kṛtvā́ya [[TS. iv], [v]]; to do, make, perform, accomplish, cause, effect, prepare, undertake, [RV.] &c.; to do anything for the advantage or injury of another (gen. or loc.), [MBh.]; [R.] &c.; to execute, carry out (as an order or command), [ib.]; to manufacture, prepare, work at, elaborate, build, [ib.]; to form or construct one thing out of another (abl. or instr.), [R. i, 2, 44]; [Hit.] &c.; to employ, use, make use of (instr.), [ŚvetUp.]; [Mn. x, 91]; [MBh.] &c.; to compose, describe, [R. i]; to cultivate, [Yājñ. ii, 158] (cf. [Mn. x, 114]); to accomplish any period, bring to completion, spend (e.g. varṣāṇi daśa cakruḥ, ‘they spent ten years’, [MBh. xv, 6]; kṣaṇaṃ kuru, ‘wait a moment’, [MBh.]; cf. kṛtakṣaṇa); to place, put, lay, bring, lead, take hold of (acc. or loc. or instr., e.g. ardháṃ-√ kṛ, to take to one's own side or party, cause to share in (gen.; see 2. ardhá); haste or pāṇau-√ kṛ, to take by the hand, marry, [Pāṇ. i, 4, 77]; hṛdayena-√ kṛ, to place in one's heart, love, [Mṛcch.]; hṛdi-√ kṛ, to take to heart, mind, think over, consider, [Rājat. v, 313]; manasi-√ kṛ id., [R. ii, 64, 8]; [Hcar.]; to determine, purpose [ind.p. °si-kṛtvā or °si-kṛtya] [Pāṇ. i, 4, 75]; vaśe-√ kṛ, to place in subjection, become master of [Mn. ii, 100]); to direct the thoughts, mind, &c. (mánas [[RV.]; [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.] or buddhim [[Nal. xxvi, 10]] or matim [[MBh.]; [R.]] or bhāvam [[ib.]], &c.) towards any object, turn the attention to, resolve upon, determine on (loc. dat. inf., or a sentence with iti, e.g. mā śoke manaḥ kṛthāḥ, do not turn your mind to grief, [Nal. xiv, 22] ; gamanāya matiṃ cakre, he resolved upon going, [R. i, 9, 55]; alābuṃ samutsraṣṭuṃ manaś cakre, he resolved to create a gourd, [MBh. iii, 8844]; draṣṭā tavāsmīti matiṃ cakāra, he determined to see him, [MBh. iii, 12335]); to think of (acc.), [R. i, 21, 14]; to make, render (with two acc., e.g. ādityaṃ kāṣṭhām akurvata, they made the sun their goal, [AitBr. iv, 7]), [RV.]; [ŚBr.] &c.; to procure for another, bestow, grant (with gen. or loc.), [RV.]; [VS.]; [ŚBr.] &c.; Ā. to procure for one's self, appropriate, assume, [ŚBr.]; [BṛĀrUp.]; [Mn. vii, 10] &c.; to give aid, help any one to get anything (dat.), [RV.]; [VS.]; to make liable to (dat.), [RV. iii, 41, 6]; [ŚBr. iv]; to injure, violate (e.g. kanyāṃ-√ kṛ, to violate a maiden), [Mn. viii, 367] and [369]; to appoint, institute, [ChUp.]; [Mn.]; to give an order, commission, [Mn.]; [R. ii, 2, 8]; to cause to get rid of, free from (abl. or -tas), [Pāṇ. v, 4, 49], [Kāś.]; to begin (e.g. cakre śobhayitum purīm, they began to adorn the city), [R. ii, 6, 10]; to proceed, act, put in practice, [VS.]; [ŚBr.]; [AitBr.] &c.; to worship, sacrifice, [RV.]; [ŚBr.]; [Mn. iii, 210]; to make a sound (svaram or śabdam, [MBh. iii, 11718]; [Pāṇ. iv, 4, 34]; [Hit.]), utter, pronounce (often ifc. with the sounds phaṭ, phut, bhāṇ, váṣaṭ, svadhā́, svā́hā, hiṃ), pronounce any formula ([Mn. ii, 74] and [xi, 33]); (with numeral adverbs ending in dhā) to divide, separate or break up into parts (e.g. dvidhā-√ kṛ, to divide into two parts, ind.p. dvidhā kṛtvā or dvidhā-kṛtya or -kāram, [Pāṇ. iii, 4, 62]; sahasradhā-√ kṛ, to break into a thousand pieces); (with adverbs ending in vat) to make like or similar, consider equivalent (e.g. rājyaṃ tṛṇa-vat kṛtvā, valuing the kingdom like a straw, [Vet.]); (with adverbs ending in sāt) to reduce anything to, cause to become, make subject (see ātma-sāt, bhasma-sāt), [Pāṇ. v, 4, 52 ff.] The above senses of √ may be variously modified or almost infinitely extended according to the noun with which this root is connected, as in the following examples: sakhyaṃ-√ kṛ, to contract friendship with; pūjāṃ-√ kṛ, to honour; rājyaṃ-√ kṛ, to reign; snehaṃ-√ kṛ, to show affection; ājñāṃ or nideśaṃ or śāsanaṃ or kāmaṃ or yācanāṃ or vacaḥ or vacanaṃ or vākyaṃ-√ kṛ, to perform any one's command or wish or request &c.; dharmaṃ-√ kṛ, to do one's duty, [Mn. vii, 136]; nakhāni-√ kṛ, ‘to clean one's nails’, see kṛta-nakha; udakaṃ [[Mn.]; [Yājñ.]; [R.]; [Daś.]] or salilaṃ [[R. i, 44, 49]] √ , to offer a libation of water to the dead; to perform ablutions; astrāṇi-√ kṛ, to practise the use of weapons, [MBh. iii, 11824]; darduraṃ-√ kṛ, to breathe the flute, [Pāṇ. iv, 4, 34]; daṇḍaṃ-√ kṛ, to inflict punishment &c., [Vet.]; kālaṃ-√ kṛ, to bring one's time to an end i.e. to die; ciraṃ-√ kṛ, to be long in doing anything, delay; manasā (for °si See above) √ , to place in one's mind, think of, meditate, [MBh.]; śirasā-√ kṛ, to place on the head; mūrdhnā-√ kṛ, to place on one's head, obey, honour. Very rarely in Veda ([AV. xviii, 2, 27]), but commonly in the Brāhmaṇas, Sūtras, and especially in classical Sanskṛt the perf. forms cakāra and cakre auxiliarily used to form the periphrastical perfect of verbs, especially of causatives, e.g. āsāṃ cakre, ‘he sat down’; gamayā́ṃ cakāra, ‘he caused to go’ [see, [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 40]; in Veda some other forms of √ are used in a similar way, viz. pr. karoti, [ŚāṅkhŚr.]; impf. akar, [MaitrS.] & [Kāṭh.]; 3. pl. akran, [MaitrS.] & [TBr.]; Prec. kriyāt, [MaitrS.] (see [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 42]); according to [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 41], also karotu with √ vid]. Caus. kārayati, °te, to cause to act or do, cause another to perform, have anything made or done by another (double acc., instr. and acc. [see [Pāṇ. i, 4, 53]], e.g. sabhāṃ kāritavān, he caused an assembly to be made, [Hit.]; rāja-darśanaṃ māṃ kāraya, cause me to have an audience of the king; vāṇijyaṃ kārayed vaiśyam, he ought to cause the Vaiśya to engage in trade, [Mn. viii, 410]; na śakṣyāmi kiṃcit kārayituṃ tvayā, I shall not be able to have anything done by thee, [MBh. ii, 6]); to cause to manufacture or form or cultivate, [Lāṭy.]; [Yājñ. ii, 158]; [MBh.] &c.; to cause to place or put, have anything placed, put upon, &c. (e.g. taṃ citrapaṭaṃ vāsa-gṛhe bhittāv akārayat, he had the picture placed on the wall in his house, [Kathās. v, 30]), [Mn. viii, 251]. Sometimes the Caus. of √ is used for the simple verb or without a causal signification (e.g. padaṃ kārayati, he pronounces a word, [Pāṇ. i, 3, 71], [Kāś.] ; mithyā k°, he pronounces wrongly, [ib.]; kaikeyīm anu rājānaṃ kāraya, treat or deal with Kaikeyī as the king does, [R. ii, 58, 16]) : Desid. cíkīrṣati (aor. 2. sg. acikīrṣīs, [ŚBr. iii]), ep. also °te, to wish to make or do, intend to do, design, intend, begin, strive after, [AV. xii, 4, 19]; [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.]; [Mn.] &c.; to wish to sacrifice or worship, [AV. v, 8, 3] : Intens. 3. pl. karikrati (pr. p. kárikrat See [Naigh. ii, 1] and [Pāṇ. vii, 4, 65]), to do repeatedly, [RV.]; [AV.]; [TS.]; Class. carkarti or carikarti or carīkarti [[Pāṇ. vii, 4, 92], [Kāś.]], also carkarīti or carikarīti or carīkarīti or cekrīyate [ib., Sch.; [Vop.]];

kṛ : [cf. Hib. caraim, ‘I perform, execute’; ceard, ‘an art, trade, business, function’; sucridh, ‘easy’; Old Germ. karawan, ‘to prepare’; Mod. Germ. gar, ‘prepared (as food)’; Lat. creo, ceremonia; κραίνω, κρόνος.]

kṛ : cl. 3. P. p. cakrát (Pot. 2. sg. cakriyās; aor. 1. sg. akārṣam [[AV. vii, 7, 1]] or akāriṣam [[RV. iv, 39, 6]]), to make mention of, praise, speak highly of (gen.), [RV.]; [AV.] : Intens. (1. sg. carkarmi, 1. pl. carkirāma, 3. pl. carkiran; Impv. 2. sg. carkṛtā́t and carkṛdhi; aor. 3. sg. Ā. cárkṛṣe) id., [RV.]; [AV.] (cf. kārú, kīrí, kīrtí.)

kṛ : to injure, &c. See √ 2. kṝ.

kṛ : 2. kṝ (or v.l. ) cl. 5. 9.P. Ā. kṛṇoti, °ṇute, °ṇāti, °ṇīte, to hurt, injure, kill, [Dhātup.]; [Vop. xvi, 2]; kṛṇváti, [Naigh. ii, 19.]

yaj : cl. 1. P. Ā. ([Dhātup. xxiii, 33]) yájati, °te (1. sg. yajase, [RV. viii, 25, 1]; Ved. Impv. yákṣi or °ṣva; pf. iyāja, [MBh.]; ījé, [RV.]; yejé [?] [AV.] cf. [Kāś.] on [Pāṇ. vi, 4, 120]; Ved. aor. ayākṣīt or ayāṭ; ayaṣṭa; Subj. yakṣat, yakṣati, °te; 3. sg. ayakṣata, [ĀśvGṛ.]; Prec. ijyāt, [Pāṇ. iii, 4, 104]; yakṣīya, [MaitrS.]; fut. yaṣṭā, [Br.]; yakṣyati, °yáte, [RV.] &c. &c.; inf. yáṣṭum, ījitum, [MBh.]; Ved. °ṭave; yájadhyai or yajádhyai; p.p. iṣṭa ind.p. iṣṭvā́, [AV.]; iṣṭvīnam, [Pāṇ. vii, 1, 48]; -ijya Gr.; yā́jam, [AV.]), to worship, adore, honour (esp. with sacrifice or oblations); to consecrate, hallow, offer (with acc., rarely dat. loc. or prati, of the deity or person to whom; dat. of the person for whom, or the thing for which; and instr. of the means by which the sacrifice is performed; in older language generally P. of Agni or any other mediator, and Ā. of one who makes an offering on his own account, cf. yája-māna; later properly P. when used with reference to the officiating priest, and Ā. when referring to the institutor of the sacrifice), [RV.] &c. &c.; to offer i.e. to present, grant, yield, bestow, [MBh.]; [BhP.]; (Ā.) to sacrifice with a view to (acc.), [RV.]; to invite to sacrifice by the Yājyā verses, [ŚBr.]; [ŚāṅkhŚr.] : Pass. ijyate (p. Ved. ijyamāna or yajyamāna, [Pat.] on [Pāṇ. vi, 1, 108] ; ep. also pr. p. ijyat), to be sacrificed or worshipped, [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c.: Caus. yājáyati (ep. also °te; aor. ayīyajat), to assist any one (acc.) as a priest at a sacrifice (instr.), [TS.]; [Br.]; to cause any one (acc.) to sacrifice anything (acc.) or by means of any one (instr.), [MBh.]; [R.] : Desid. yíyakṣati, °te (cf. íyakṣati), to desire to sacrifice or worship, [MBh.]; [R.] : Intens. yāyajyate, yāyajīti, yāyaṣṭi, [Pāṇ. vii, 4, 83], Sch.

yaj : [cf. Zd. yaz; Gk. ἁγνός, ἅγος, ἅζομαι.]

yaj : (ifc.; cf. [Pāṇ. viii, 2, 36]) sacrificing, worshipping, a sacrificer (see divi- and deva-yáj)

śam : cl. 4. P. ([Dhātup. xxvi, 92]), śā́myati (rarely °te, and ep. also śamati, °te; Ved. śamyati, śimyati, and cl. 9. śamnāti [[Naigh. ii, 9]], śamnīṣe, śamnīthās Impv. śamnīṣva, śamīṣva, śamiṣva, śamīdhvam; pf. śaśāma, śemuḥ, [Br.] &c.; śaśamé Subj. śaśámate, [RV.]; p. śaśamāná [q.v.]; aor. áśamiṣṭhās, [RV.]; aśamat, [Br.] [cf. pres.]; Prec. śamyāt Gr.; fut. śamitā, śamiṣyati, [ib.]; ind.p. śamitvā, śāntvā, śāmam or śamam, [ib.]), to toil at, fatigue or exert one's self (esp. in performing ritual acts), [RV.]; [TBr.]; to prepare, arrange, [VS.]; to become tired, finish, stop, come to an end, rest, be quiet or calm or satisfied or contented, [TS.]; [ŚBr.] &c.; to cease, be allayed or extinguished, [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c.; cl. 9. (cf. above) to put an end to, hurt, injure, destroy, [Kāṭh.] : Pass. śamyate (aor. aśami), [Pāṇ. vii, 3, 34] : Caus. śamáyati (mc. also śāmayati; aor. aśīśamat; Pass. śāmyate), to appease, allay, alleviate, pacify, calm, soothe, settle, [RV.] &c. &c.; to put to an end or to death, kill, slay, destroy, remove, extinguish, suppress, [TS.] &c. &c.; to leave off, desist, [MBh.]; to conquer, subdue, [Kālid.]; [Bhaṭṭ.] : Desid. śiśamiṣati Gr.: Intens. śaṃśamīti ([Bālar.]), śaṃśamyate, śaṃśanti (Gr.), to be entirely appeased or extinguished (pf. śaṃśamāṃ cakruḥ, [Bhaṭṭ.]). [cf. Gk. κάμνω],

śam : śám ind. (g. cādi and svar-ādi) auspiciously, fortunately, happily, well (frequently used in the Veda, rarely in later language; often to be translated by a subst., esp. in the frequent phrase śáṃ yóḥ or śáṃ ca yóś ca, ‘happiness and welfare’, sometimes joined with the verbs bhū, as, kṛ, dā, vah, yā, sometimes occurring without any verb; with dat. or gen. [cf. [Pāṇ. ii, 3, 73], Sch.]; in some cases corresponding to an adj., e.g. śaṃ tad asmai, that is pleasant to him), [RV.]; &c.

yos : yós ind. (only in śáṃ yóḥ and śáṃ ca yóś ca) welfare, health, happiness, [RV.]