ā : the second vowel of the alphabet corresponding to the a in far.

ā : ind. a particle of reminiscence, [Pāṇ. i, 1, 14]; [Pat.]

ā : also of compassion or pain [more correctly written 1. ās, q.v.], and of assent, [L.] [This particle remains unaltered in orthography even before vowels (which causes it to be sometimes confounded with 1. ās), [Pāṇ. i, 1, 14.]]

ā : m. N. of Śiva, [L.]

ā : grandfather, [L.]

ā : f. N. of Lakṣmī, [L.]

ā : ā́ (as a prefix to verbs, especially of motion, and their derivatives) near, near to, towards (see ā-√ kram &c.; in the Veda, of course, the prefix is separable from the verb; in a few cases, [RV. i, 10, 11] and [v, 64, 5], a verb in the imperative is to be supplied; with roots like gam, yā, and i, ‘to go’, and 1. dā, ‘to give’, it reverses the action; e.g. ā-gacchati, ‘he comes’; ā-datte, ‘he takes’). (As a prep. with a preceding acc.) near to, towards, to, [RV.]

ā : (with a preceding noun in the acc., as jóṣam or váram) for, [RV.]

ā : (with a following acc.) up to … exclusively, [AitBr.]

ā : (with a preceding abl.) from, [RV.]; [AV.]

ā : out of, from among (e.g. bahúbhya ā́, ‘from among many’), [RV.]

ā : towards (only in asmád ā́, ‘towards us’), [RV.]

ā : (with a following abl. cf. [Pāṇ. ii, 1, 13] & [3, 10]) up to, to, as far as, [RV.]; [AV.] &c.

ā : from, [RV. i, 30, 21]

ā : (with a preceding loc.) in, at, on [RV.]; [AV.] (As an adv. after words expressing a number or degree) fully, really, indeed (e.g. trír ā́ divás, ‘quite or fully three times a day’; mahimā́ vām índrāgnī pániṣṭha ā́,, ‘your greatness, O Indra and Agni, is most praiseworthy indeed’, &c.), [RV.]

ā : (after a subst. or adj.) ‘as, like’, (or it simply strengthens the sense of the preceding word), [RV.], (after a verb), [RV. v, 7, 7]; [KenaUp.]

ā : (as a conjunctive particle) moreover, further, and (it is placed either between the two words connected [rarely after the second, [RV. x, 16, 11], or after both, [RV. x, 92, 8]] or, if there are more, after the last [[RV. iv, 57, 1] and [x, 75, 5]]; see also ātaś ca s.v.) In classical Sanskṛt it may denote the limit ‘to’, ‘until’, ‘as far as’, ‘from’, either not including the object named or including it (sometimes with acc. or abl. or forming an adv.) e.g. ā-maraṇam or ā-maraṇāt, ‘till death’, [Pañcat.] (cf. ā-maraṇānta &c.)

ā : ā-gopālā dvijātayaḥ, ‘the twice-born including the cowherds’, [MBh. ii, 531]

ā : ā-samudram or ā-samudrāt, ‘as far as the ocean’ or ‘from the ocean’ (but not including it)

ā : ā-kumāram, ‘from a child’ or ‘from childhood’ or ‘to a child’ (cf. Lat. a puero), [MBh. iii, 1403]

ā : ā-kumāram yaśaḥ pāṇineḥ, ‘the fame of Pāṇini extends even to children’

ā : ā́ ājānu-bāhu mfn. ‘one whose arms reach down to the knees’, [R. i, 1, 12]

ā : ā́ (see also ākarṇa- and ājanma-)

ā : ā́ (cf. ā-jarasám, ā-vyuṣám, ā-saptama, otsūryám.) Prefixed to adj. [rarely to subst.; cf. ā-kopa] it implies diminution, [Pāṇ. ii, 2, 18] Comm. ‘a little’ e.g. ā-piñjara mfn. a little red, reddish, [Ragh. xvi, 51]

ā : ā́ (see also ā-pakva, oṣṇa, &c.) Some commentaries (e.g. Comm. on [Ragh. iii, 8]) occasionally give to in this application the meaning samantāt, ‘all through, completely’, as ā-nīla, ‘blue all round’.

aham : ahám nom. sg., ‘I’, [RV.] &c.

aham : = ahaṃkaraṇa, q.v., (hence declinable gen. ahamas, &c.), [BhP.]

aham : [Zd. azem; Gk. ἐγώ; Goth. ik; Mod. Germ. ich; Lith. asz; Slav. az].

dadhikrā : dadhi—krā́ m. ([Naigh. i, 14]; [Nir. ii, 27 f.] and [x, 31]) N. of a divine horse (personification of the morning Sun; addressed in [RV. iv, 38]-[40]; [vii, 44]), [iii, 20]; [x, 101, 1]

añj : cl. 7. P. Ā. anákti, aṅkté, ā-nañja, añjiṣyati or aṅkṣyati, āñjīt, añjitum or aṅktum, to apply an ointment or pigment, smear with, anoint; to decorate, prepare; to honour, celebrate; to cause to appear, make clear, [RV. i, 92, 1]; to be beautiful, [L.]; to go, [L.] : Caus. añjayat, āñjijat, to smear with; to speak; to shine; to cause to go, [L.]

añj : [cf. Lat. ungo].

ṛta : ṛtá mf(A)n. met with, afflicted by (with instr.), [TS. v]

ṛta : proper, right, fit, apt, suitable, able, brave, honest, [RV.]; [VS. xvii, 82]

ṛta : true, [MBh.]; [BhP.]; [Mn. viii, 82]; [87]; [Bhag.] &c.

ṛta : worshipped, respected, [L.]

ṛta : enlightened, luminous, [L.]

ṛta : ṛtá (as), m. N. of a Rudra, [MBh.]

ṛta : of a son of Manu Cākṣuṣa, [BhP. iv, 13, 16]

ṛta : of a son of Vijaya, [VP.]

ṛta : ṛtá (am), n. fixed or settled order, law, rule (esp. in religion)

ṛta : sacred or pious action or custom, divine law, faith, divine truth (these meanings are given by, [BRD.] and are generally more to be accepted than those of native authorities and marked, [L.] below), [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.]; [ŚBr.] &c.

ṛta : truth in general, righteousness, right, [RV.]; [AV.]; [MBh.]; [Mn. viii, 61]; [104]; [Pañcat.] &c.

ṛta : figuratively said of gleaning (as the right means of a Brāhman's obtaining a livelihood as opposed to agriculture, which is anṛta), [Mn. iv, 4 ff.]

ṛta : promise, oath, vow, [TāṇḍyaBr.]; [Lāṭy.]

ṛta : truth personified (as an object of worship, and hence enumerated among the sacred objects in the [Nir.])

ṛta : water, [L.]

ṛta : sacrifice, [L.]

ṛta : a particular sacrifice, [L.]

ṛta : the sun, [L.]

ṛta : wealth, [L.]

ṛta : ṛti, ṛtu See p. 223, col. 2 — p. 224, col. 1.

i : the third vowel of the alphabet, corresponding to i short, and pronounced as that letter in kill &c.

i : ind. an interjection of anger, calling, sorrow, distress, compassion, &c., (g. cādi, [Pāṇ. i, 4, 57], &c.)

i : base of Nominative case and Acc. sg. du. and pl. of the demonstrative pronoun idam, ‘this’ or ‘that’

i : [cf. ítara, itas, iti, íd, idā́, iyat, iva, iha: cf. also Lat. id; Goth. ita; Eng. it; Old Germ. iz; Mod. Germ. es.]

i : m. N. of Kāmadeva, [L.]

i : cl. 2. P. éti (Impv. 2. sg. ihí) and 1. P. Ā. áyati, ayate [cf. √ ay], (pf. iyāya [2. sg. iyátha, [AV. viii, 1, 10], and iyétha, [RV.]] fut. eṣyati; aor. aiṣīt; inf. etum, étave, [RV.] & [AV.], étavaí, [RV.] étos, [RV.] ityaí, [RV. i, 113, 6]; [124, 1]) to go, walk; to flow; to blow; to advance, spread, get about; to go to or towards (with acc.), come, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [MBh.]; [R.]; [Hit.]; [Ragh.] &c.; to go away, escape, pass, retire, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [R.]; to arise from, come from, [RV.]; [ChUp.]; to return (in this sense only fut.), [MBh.]; [R.]; (with punar) to come back again, return, [MBh.]; [R.]; [Pañcat.] &c.; to succeed, [Mn. iii, 127]; to arrive at, reach, obtain, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [Śak.]; [Hit.] &c.; to fall into, come to; to approach with prayers, gain by asking (cf. ita); to undertake anything (with acc.); to be employed in, go on with, continue in any condition or relation (with a part. or instr., e.g. asura-rakṣasāni mṛdyamānāni yanti, ‘the Asuras and Rakshases are being continually crushed’, [ŚBr. i, 1, 4, 14]; gavāmayaneneyuḥ, ‘they, were engaged in the [festival called] Gavāmayana’, [KātyŚr. xxv, 5, 2]); to appear, be, [KaṭhUp.] : Intens. Ā. ī́yate ([RV. i, 30, 18]; p. iyāná, [RV.]; inf. iyádhyai, [RV. vi, 20, 8]) to go quickly or repeatedly; to come, wander, run, spread, get about, [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.]; to appear, make one's appearance, [RV.]; [AV.]; [BṛĀrUp.]; to approach any one with requests (with two acc.), ask, request, [RV.]; [AV.]: Pass. ī́yate, to be asked or requested, [RV.]: Caus. āyayati, to cause to go or escape, [Vop.];

i : [cf. Gk. εἶ-μι, ἴ-μεν; Lat. e-o, ī-mus, i-ter, &c.; Lith. ei-mì, ‘I go’; Slav. i-dû, ‘I go’, i-ti, ‘to go’; Goth. i-ddja, ‘I went’.]

u : the fifth letter and third short vowel of the alphabet, pronounced as the u in full.

u : ind. an interjection of compassion, anger, [L.]

u : a particle implying assent, calling, command, [L.]

u : ind. an enclitic copula used frequently in the Vedas;

u : (as a particle implying restriction and antithesis, generally after pronominals, prepositions, particles, and before nu and su, equivalent to) and, also, further; on the other hand (especially in connexion with a relative, e.g. ya u, he on the contrary who &c.)

u : This particle may serve to give emphasis, like id and eva, especially after prepositions or demonstrative pronouns, in conjunction with nu, vai, hi, cid, &c. (e.g. ayám u vām purutámo … johavīti [[RV. iii, 62, 2]], this very person [your worshipper] invokes you &c.) It is especially used in the figure of speech called Anaphora, and particularly when the pronouns are repeated (e.g. tám u stuṣa índram tám gṛṇīṣe [[RV. ii, 20, 4]], him I praise, Indra, him I sing). It may be used in drawing a conclusion, like the English ‘now’ (e.g. tád u táthā ná kuryāt [[ŚBr. v, 2, 2, 3]], that now he should not do in such a manner), and is frequently found in interrogative sentences (e.g. ká u tác ciketa [[RV. i, 164, 48]], who, I ask, should know that?)

u : Pāṇini calls this particle uñ to distinguish it from the interrogative . In the Pada-pāṭha it is written ūm.

u : In the classical language occurs only after atha, na, and kim, with a slight modification of the sense, and often only as an expletive (see kim);

u : — or — uta, on the one hand — on the other hand; partly — partly; as well — as.

u : cl. 5. P. unoti (see vy-u, [RV. v, 31, 1]) : cl. 2. Ā. (1. sg. uvé, [RV. x, 86, 7]) : cl. 1. Ā. avate, [Dhātup.]; to call to, hail; to roar, bellow (see also ota = ā-uta).

u : m. N. of Śiva

u : also of Brahman, [L.]

śru : cl. 5. P. ([Dhātup. xxii, 44]) śṛṇóti (Ved. and ep. also Ā. śṛṇute, and in [RV.] 3. sg. śṛṇvé, 2. sg. °viṣé, 3. pl. °viré [cf. below]; Impv. śṛṇu, °ṇudhī́ or °ṇudhí and °ṇuhī́ or °ṇuhí pl. śṛṇutā́ or śṛṇutá, °ṇota and °ṇotana, [RV.]; pf. śuśrā́va [once in [R.] with pass. sense], śuśruve [2. sg. śuśrotha, 1. pl. śuśruma, in [Up.] also °mas; śuśravat, śuśrūyā́s, [RV.], p. śuśruvás, q.v.]; aor. Ved. áśravam, áśrot, 2. sg. śróṣi; Subj. śrávat, °vathaḥ; [?] śruvam, [TĀr.]; Impv. śrudhī́ or śrudhí, śrótu, [RV.]; aśrauṣīt, [Br.] &c.; Subj. śroṣan Impv. śroṣantu, [RV.] [cf. śróṣamāṇa]; Prec. śrūyā́sam, [AV.] &c.; fut. śrotā, [MBh.]; śroṣyati, °te, [Br.] &c.; inf. śrotum, [MBh.] &c.; ind.p. śrutvā́, [RV.] &c.; -śrútya, [AV.] &c.; śrāvam, [GṛŚrS.] &c.), to hear, listen or attend to anything (acc.), give ear to any one (acc. or gen.), hear or learn anything about (acc.) or from (abl. gen. instr., mukhāt or śakāśāt), or that anything is (two acc.), [RV.] &c. &c.; to hear (from a teacher), study, learn, [ŚrS.]; [MBh.] &c.; to be attentive, be obedient, obey, [MBh.]; [R.] &c.: Pass. śrūyáte (ep. also °ti; and in [RV.] śṛṇve &c. [cf. above] with pass. meaning; aor. aśrāvi, śrāvi), to be heard or perceived or learnt about (acc.) or from (gen. abl. or mukhāt; in later language often 3. sg. śrūyate impers. ‘it is heard’, ‘one hears or learns or reads in a book’, = ‘it is said’, ‘it is written in (with loc.)’; Impv. śrūyatām, ‘let it be heard’ = ‘listen!’), [RV.] &c. &c.; to be celebrated or renowned, be known as, pass for, be called (nom.), [RV.] ; to be heard or learnt (from a teacher), [Pañcat.]; to be taught or stated (in a book), [Sarvad.]; to be heard i.e. pronounced or employed (as a sound or word), [TPrāt.], Sch.: Caus. śrāváyati (ep. also °te, in [RV.] also śraváyati; aor. aśuśravi, °vuḥ, [RV.]; aśuśruvat, [Br.]; aśiśravat Gr.; Pass. śrāvyate See below), to cause to be heard or learnt, announce, proclaim, declare, [RV.] &c. &c.; to cause to hear, inform, instruct, communicate, relate, tell (with acc. of thing, and acc. gen., or dat. of pers., or with instr. in sense of ‘through’), [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.: Pass. of Caus. śrāvyate, to be informed of (acc.), [MBh.] &c.: Desid. śúśrūṣate ([Pāṇ. i, 3, 57]; ep. or mc. also °ti; Pass. śuśrūṣyate), to wish or like to hear (acc.), desire to attend or listen to (dat.), [RV.] &c. &c.; to attend upon, serve, obey (acc., rarely gen.), [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.: Caus. of Desid. śuśrūṣayati, to wait upon, be at the service of (acc.), [Kull.] on [Mn. ii, 243] : Desid. of Caus. śiśrāvayiṣati or śuśrāvayiṣati Gr.: Intens. śośrūyate, śośravīti, śośroti Gr.

śru : [cf. Gk. κλύω, κλῦθι = śrudhí, κλυτός = śrutá &c.; Lat. cluo, in-clutus; Slav. sluti; Germ. laut; Eng. loud.]

śru : (only in śrúvat; generally an incorrect form of √ sru), to dissolve into parts, burst asunder, [RV. i, 127, 3.]

aham : ahám nom. sg., ‘I’, [RV.] &c.

aham : = ahaṃkaraṇa, q.v., (hence declinable gen. ahamas, &c.), [BhP.]

aham : [Zd. azem; Gk. ἐγώ; Goth. ik; Mod. Germ. ich; Lith. asz; Slav. az].

daivya : daívya mf(A and I)n. divine, [RV.] (esp. °vyā hótārā, the two divine priests), [AV.] &c.

daivya : daívya m. N. of a messenger of the Asuras, [TS.]

daivya : daívya n. divine power or effect, [AV. iv, 27, 6]

daivya : fortune, fate, [L.]

śardhas : śárdhas mfn. = śárdhat (only in compar. śadhas-tara, more daring or defiant), [RV.]

śardhas : śárdhas n. a troop, host, multitude (cf. śārdha), [ib.]

agni : agní m. (√ ag, [Uṇ.]) fire, sacrificial fire (of three kinds, Gārhapatya, Āhavanīya, and Dakṣiṇa)

agni : the number three, [Sūryas.]

agni : the god of fire, the fire of the stomach, digestive faculty, gastric fluid

agni : bile, [L.]

agni : gold, [L.]

agni : N. of various plants Semecarpus Anacardium, [Suśr.], Plumbago Zeylanica and Rosea, Citrus Acida

agni : mystical substitute for the letter r

agni : in the Kātantra grammar N. of noun-stems ending in i and u

agni : (also) = next, [ĀpŚr.]

agni : [cf. Lat. ignì-s; Lith. ugni-s; Slav. ognj].

śru : cl. 5. P. ([Dhātup. xxii, 44]) śṛṇóti (Ved. and ep. also Ā. śṛṇute, and in [RV.] 3. sg. śṛṇvé, 2. sg. °viṣé, 3. pl. °viré [cf. below]; Impv. śṛṇu, °ṇudhī́ or °ṇudhí and °ṇuhī́ or °ṇuhí pl. śṛṇutā́ or śṛṇutá, °ṇota and °ṇotana, [RV.]; pf. śuśrā́va [once in [R.] with pass. sense], śuśruve [2. sg. śuśrotha, 1. pl. śuśruma, in [Up.] also °mas; śuśravat, śuśrūyā́s, [RV.], p. śuśruvás, q.v.]; aor. Ved. áśravam, áśrot, 2. sg. śróṣi; Subj. śrávat, °vathaḥ; [?] śruvam, [TĀr.]; Impv. śrudhī́ or śrudhí, śrótu, [RV.]; aśrauṣīt, [Br.] &c.; Subj. śroṣan Impv. śroṣantu, [RV.] [cf. śróṣamāṇa]; Prec. śrūyā́sam, [AV.] &c.; fut. śrotā, [MBh.]; śroṣyati, °te, [Br.] &c.; inf. śrotum, [MBh.] &c.; ind.p. śrutvā́, [RV.] &c.; -śrútya, [AV.] &c.; śrāvam, [GṛŚrS.] &c.), to hear, listen or attend to anything (acc.), give ear to any one (acc. or gen.), hear or learn anything about (acc.) or from (abl. gen. instr., mukhāt or śakāśāt), or that anything is (two acc.), [RV.] &c. &c.; to hear (from a teacher), study, learn, [ŚrS.]; [MBh.] &c.; to be attentive, be obedient, obey, [MBh.]; [R.] &c.: Pass. śrūyáte (ep. also °ti; and in [RV.] śṛṇve &c. [cf. above] with pass. meaning; aor. aśrāvi, śrāvi), to be heard or perceived or learnt about (acc.) or from (gen. abl. or mukhāt; in later language often 3. sg. śrūyate impers. ‘it is heard’, ‘one hears or learns or reads in a book’, = ‘it is said’, ‘it is written in (with loc.)’; Impv. śrūyatām, ‘let it be heard’ = ‘listen!’), [RV.] &c. &c.; to be celebrated or renowned, be known as, pass for, be called (nom.), [RV.] ; to be heard or learnt (from a teacher), [Pañcat.]; to be taught or stated (in a book), [Sarvad.]; to be heard i.e. pronounced or employed (as a sound or word), [TPrāt.], Sch.: Caus. śrāváyati (ep. also °te, in [RV.] also śraváyati; aor. aśuśravi, °vuḥ, [RV.]; aśuśruvat, [Br.]; aśiśravat Gr.; Pass. śrāvyate See below), to cause to be heard or learnt, announce, proclaim, declare, [RV.] &c. &c.; to cause to hear, inform, instruct, communicate, relate, tell (with acc. of thing, and acc. gen., or dat. of pers., or with instr. in sense of ‘through’), [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.: Pass. of Caus. śrāvyate, to be informed of (acc.), [MBh.] &c.: Desid. śúśrūṣate ([Pāṇ. i, 3, 57]; ep. or mc. also °ti; Pass. śuśrūṣyate), to wish or like to hear (acc.), desire to attend or listen to (dat.), [RV.] &c. &c.; to attend upon, serve, obey (acc., rarely gen.), [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.: Caus. of Desid. śuśrūṣayati, to wait upon, be at the service of (acc.), [Kull.] on [Mn. ii, 243] : Desid. of Caus. śiśrāvayiṣati or śuśrāvayiṣati Gr.: Intens. śośrūyate, śośravīti, śośroti Gr.

śru : [cf. Gk. κλύω, κλῦθι = śrudhí, κλυτός = śrutá &c.; Lat. cluo, in-clutus; Slav. sluti; Germ. laut; Eng. loud.]

śru : (only in śrúvat; generally an incorrect form of √ sru), to dissolve into parts, burst asunder, [RV. i, 127, 3.]

viśva : víśva mf(A)n. (prob. fr. √ 1. viś, to pervade, cf. [Uṇ. i, 151]; declined as a pron. like sarva, by which it is superseded in the Brāhmaṇas and later language) all, every, every one

viśva : whole, entire, universal, [RV.] &c. &c.

viśva : all-pervading or all-containing, omnipresent (applied to Viṣṇu-Kṛṣṇa, the soul, intellect &c.), [Up.]; [MBh.] &c.

viśva : víśva m. (in phil.) the intellectual faculty or (accord. to some) the faculty which perceives individuality or the individual underlying the gross body (sthūla-śarīra-vyaṣṭy-upahita), [Vedāntas.]

viśva : N. of a class of gods, cf. below

viśva : N. of the number ‘thirteen’, [Gol.]

viśva : of a class of deceased ancestors, [MārkP.]

viśva : of a king, [MBh.]

viśva : of a well-known dictionary = viśva-prakāśa

viśva : pl. (víśve, with or scil. devā́s cf. viśve-deva, p. 995) ‘all the gods collectively’ or the ‘All-gods’ (a partic. class of gods, forming one of the 9 Gaṇas enumerated under gaṇadevatā, q.v.; accord. to the Viṣṇu and other Purāṇas they were sons of Viśvā, daughter of Dakṣa, and their names are as follow, 1. Vasu, 2. Satya, 3. Kratu, 4. Dakṣa, 5. Kāla, 6. Kāma, 7. Dhṛti, 8. Kuru, 9. Purū-ravas, 10. Mādravas [?]; two others are added by some, viz. 11. Rocaka or Locana, 12. Dhvani [or Dhūri; or this may make 13] : they are particularly worshipped at Śrāddhas and at the Vaiśvadeva ceremony [[RTL. 416]]; moreover accord. to Manu [[iii, 90], [121]], offerings should be made to them daily — these privileges having been bestowed on them by Brahmā and the Pitṛs, as a reward for severe austerities they had performed on the Himālaya: sometimes it is difficult to decide whether the expression viśve devāḥ refers to all the gods or to the particular troop of deities described above), [RV.] &c. &c.;

viśva : víśva n. the whole world, universe, [AV.] &c. &c.

viśva : dry ginger, [Suśr.]

viśva : myrrh, [L.]

viśva : a mystical N. of the sound o, [Up.]

mahiṣa : mahiṣá mf(ma/hizI)n. great, powerful, [Naigh. iii, 3]

mahiṣa : mahiṣá m. (with supará) the sun, [AV.]

mahiṣa : (with or scil. mṛgá, once with mṛgā́ṇām) a buffalo, [RV.] &c. &c. (considered as the emblem of Yama and of a Jaina saint)

mahiṣa : a great priest, [Mahīdh.]

mahiṣa : the son of a Kṣatriya and a Tīvarī, [L.]

mahiṣa : N. of an Asura (slain by Durgā or Skanda), [MBh.]; [Pur.]

mahiṣa : of a Sādhya, [Hariv.]

mahiṣa : of a sage (author of a Comm. on the [Prāt.] of the Yajur-veda), [Cat.]

mahiṣa : of a mountain in Śālmaladvīpa, [VP.]

mahiṣa : mahiṣá m. pl. N. of a people, [Hariv.]

mahiṣa : &c. See p. 803, col. 1.

amūra : á-mūra mf(A)n. not ignorant, wise, intelligent, sharp-sighted, [RV.]

amūra : (v.l. a-mura), [AV. v, 1, 9] and [11, 5.]