jan : cl. 1. [[RV.]; [AV.]] and cl. 10. jánati, °te (Subj. janat, [RV.]; °nāt, [AV. vi, 81, 3]; Ā. °nata, [RV. x, 123, 7]; impf. ájanat, [RV.]; p. jánat), janáyati, °te (in later language only P. [Pāṇ. i, 3, 86]; Subj. °náyat; impf. ájanayat; aor. ájījanat; p. janáyat; inf. jánayitavai, [ŚBr. xiv]), twice cl. 3. (Subj. jajánat, [MaitrS. i, 3, 20] and [9, 1] [[Kāṭh. ix, 8]]; cf. [Pāṇ. vi, 1, 192] and [vii, 4, 78], [Kāś.]; pr. jajanti, [Dhātup. xxv, 24]; aor. Ā. jániṣṭa; Ā. ájani, [RV. ii, 34, 2]; perf. jajā́na; 3. pl. jajñúr, [RV.] &c.; once jajanúr, [viii, 97, 10]; p. °jñivas; Ved. inf. jánitos, [iv, 6, 7]; [AitBr.]; [ŚBr. iii]; [[Pāṇ. iii, 4, 6]]; Ved. ind.p. °nitvī́, [RV. x, 65, 7]) to generate, beget, produce, create, cause, [RV.]; [AV.] &c.; to produce (a song of praise, &c.), [RV.]; (cl. 10. or Caus.) to cause to be born, [AV. vii, 19, 1]; [xiii, 1, 19]; [VarBṛ. xiv, 1]; [xix]; to assign, procure, [RV.]; [VS. xix, 94]; cl. 4. jā́yate (ep. also °ti; impf. ájāyata; pr.p. jayamāna; fut. janiṣyate; aor. ájaniṣṭa; 1. [[RV. viii, 6, 10]] and 3. sg. ájani; 3. sg. jáni, [i, 141, 1]; jā́ni, [7, 36]; perf. jajñé, 2. sg. °jñiṣé, 3. pl. °jñiré, p. °jñāná) and [[RV.]] cl. 2. (?) Ā. (2. sg. janiṣé, 2. pl. °nidhve, Impv. °niṣvā [[vi, 15, 18]], °nidhvam, cf. [Pāṇ. vii, 2, 78]; impf. 3. p. ajñata [aor., [Pāṇ. ii, 4, 80]], [AitBr.]), twice cl. 1. Ā. (impf. 3. pl. ajanatā, [RV. iv, 5, 5]; p. jánamāna, [viii, 99, 3]) to be born or produced, come into existence, [RV.]; [AV.] &c.; to grow (as plants, teeth), [AV. iv f.]; [AitBr. vii, 15]; [ŚBr. xiv]; [KātyŚr.]; [Mn. ix, 38]; [VarBṛS.]; to be born as, be by birth or nature (with double nom.), [MBh. i, 11, 14]; [Pañcat. iv, 1, 5]; to be born or destined for (acc.), [RV. iv, 5, 5]; [MuṇḍUp. iii, 1, 10] (v.l. jayate for jāy°); to be born again, [Mn. iv], [ix], [xi f.]; [MBh. i], [iii], [xiii]; [Hit. Introd. 14]; to become, be, [RV.]; [AV.] &c.; to be changed into (dat.), [Pāṇ. ii, 3, 13], [Kāś.]; to take place, happen, [Vet. i, 11]; [iv, 25]; to be possible or applicable or suitable, [Suśr.]; to generate, produce, [R. iii, 20, 17]; [Caraṇ.] : Pass. janyate, to be born or produced, [Pāṇ. vi, 4, 43] : Desid. jijaniṣati, [42], [Kāś.] : Intens. jañjanyate and jājāy°, [43] (cf. [Vop. xx, 17]);

jan : , [cf. γίγνομαι; Lat. gigno, (g)nascor; Hib. genim, ‘I beget, generate’.]

itthā : itthā́ ind. Ved. thus

itthā : (often used in the Ṛg-veda, and sometimes only to lay stress on a following word; therefore by native etymologists [[Nir.]] considered as a particle of affirmation.) is often connected with words expressing devotion to the gods &c. in the sense of thus, truly, really

itthā : accord. to some also ‘here, hither’, ‘there, thither’, = Prākṛt ettha.

itthā : especially with dhī as an adjective. Hence itthā-dhī = such, i.e. true (satyā) or real worship. Similarly, itthā-dhī́ mfn. so devout, so pious i.e. very devout

itthā : performing such or true works [[Sāy.]], [RV.]; [AV.]; [KaṭhUp.]

gopīthya : go—°pī́thya n. granting protection, [RV. x, 95, 11] (‘protection of the earth’, [Sāy.])

hi : (cf. √ hay) cl. 5. P. ([Dhātup. xxvii, 11]) hinóti (Ved. also hinuté, hínvati and hinváti, °te; p. hinvāná [with act. and pass. sense] [RV.]; háyat, [RV.]; [TS.]; 1. sg. hiṣe, [RV.]; pf. jighāya, jighyuḥ, [Br.] &c.; jighye [with pass. sense] [Bhaṭṭ.]; aor. áhema, ahyan, heta p. hiyāná [with pass. sense] [RV.]; ahyam [?], áhait, [AV.]; ahaiṣīt, [Br.]; aheṣata, [RV.]; fut. hetā Gr.; heṣyati, [MBh.] &c.; inf. -hyé, [RV.]), to send forth, set in motion, impel, urge on, hasten on (Ā. also intrans.), [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.]; to stimulate or incite to (dat.), [RV.]; to assist or help to (dat.), [ib.]; to discharge, hurl, cast, shoot, [RV.]; to convey, bring, procure, [ib.]; [ŚBr.]; to forsake, abandon, get rid of [Bhaṭṭ.]; (hinvati) to gladden, delight, [Dhātup. xv, 82] : Pass. hīyate (aor. ahāyi) Gr.: Caus. hāyayati (aor. ajīhayat), [ib.] : Desid. of Caus. jihāpayiṣati, [ib.] : Desid. jighīṣati, [ib.] : Intens. jeghīyate, jeghayīti, jegheti, [ib.]

hi : hí ind. (used as a particle [cf. ha and gha] and usually denoting) for, because, on account of (never standing first in a sentence, but generally after the first word and used enclitically, sometimes after pronouns; e.g. sárvo hí pṛ́tanā jigīṣati, ‘for everybody wishes to win battles’; bhavān hi pramāṇam, ‘for your honour is the authority’; tathā hi, ‘for example’, ‘accordingly’; ná hí or nahí, ‘for not’, ‘not at all’), [RV.] &c. &c.

hi : just, pray, do (with an Impv. or Pot. emphatically; sometimes with Indic., e.g. paśyāmo hi, ‘we will just see’), [ib.]

hi : indeed, assuredly, surely, of course, certainly (hí vaí, ‘most assuredly’; hi-tu or hi-punar, ‘indeed-but’; often a mere expletive, esp. to avoid a hiatus, sometimes repeated in the same sentence; is also said to be an interjection of ‘envy’, ‘contempt’, ‘hurry’ &c.), [ib.]

dhā : f. in 2. tiro-dhā́

dhā : dur-dhā́ (qq.vv.)

dhā : cl. 3. P. Ā. dádhāti, dhatté, [RV.] &c. &c. (P. du. dadhvás, dhatthás, dhattás [[Pāṇ. viii, 2, 38]]; pl. dadhmási or °más, dhatthá, dādhati; impf. ádadhāt pl. °dhur, 2. pl. ádhatta or ádadhāta, [RV. vii, 33, 4]; Subj. dádhat or °dhāt [[Pāṇ. vii, 3, 70], [Kāś.]], °dhas, °dhatas, °dhan; Pot. dadhyā́t; Impv. dādhātu pl. °dhatu; 2. sg. dhehí [fr. dhaddhi; cf. [Pāṇ. vi, 4, 119]] or dhattāt, [RV. iii, 8, 1]; 2. pl. dhattá, [i, 64, 15], dhattana, [i, 20, 7], dádhāta, [vii, 32, 13], or °tana, [x, 36, 13] [cf. [Pāṇ. vii, 1, 45], Sch.]; p. dádhat, °ti m. pl. °tas; Ā. 1. sg. dadhé [at once 3. sg. = dhatté, [RV. i, 149, 5] &c. and = pf. Ā.], 2. sg. dhátse, [viii, 85, 5] or dhatsé, [AV. v, 7, 2]; 2. 3. du. dadhā́the, °dhā́te; 2. pl. °dhidhvé [cf. pf.]; 3. pl. dádhate, [RV. v, 41, 2]; impf. ádhatta, °tthās; Subj. dádhase, [viii, 32, 6] [[Pāṇ. iii, 4, 96], [Kāś.]]; Pot. dádhīta, [RV. i, 40, 2] or dadhītá, [v, 66, 1]; Impv. 2. sg. dhatsva, [x, 87, 2] or dadhiṣva, [iii, 40, 5] &c.; 2. pl. dhaddhvam [[Pāṇ. viii, 2, 38], [Kāś.]] or dadhidhvam, [RV. vii, 34, 10], &c.; 3. pl. dadhatām, [AV. viii, 8, 3]; p. dádhāna); rarely cl. 1. P. Ā. dadhati, °te, [RV.]; [MBh.]; only thrice cl. 2. P. dhā́ti, [RV.]; and once cl. 4. Ā. Pot. dhāyeta, [MaitrUp.] (pf. P. dadhaú, °dhā́tha, °dhatur, °dhimā́ or °dhimá, °dhur, [RV.] &c.; Ā. dadhé [cf. pr.], dadhiṣé or dhiṣe, [RV. i, 56, 6]; 2. 3. du. dadhā́the, °dhā́te, 2. pl. dadhidhvé [cf. pr.]; 3. pl. dadhiré, dadhre, [x, 82, 5]; [6], or dhire, [i, 166, 10] &c.; p. dádhāna [cf. pr.]; aor. P. ádhāt, dhā́t, dhā́s; adhúr, dhúr, [RV.] &c.; Pot. dheyām, °yur; dhetana, [RV.]; [TBr.]; 2. sg. dhāyīs, [RV. i, 147, 5]; Impv. dhā́tu [cf. [Pāṇ. vi, 1, 8] Vārtt. 3; [Pat.]]; 2. pl. dhā́ta or °tana, 3. pl. dhāntu, [RV.]; Ā. adhita, °thās, adhītām, adhīmahi, dhīmahi, dhimahe, dhāmahe, [RV.]; 3. sg. ahita, hita, [AV.]; [TĀr.]; Subj. dhéthe, [RV. i, 158, 2], dhaithe, [vi, 67, 7]; Impv. dhiṣvā́ or dhiṣvá, [ii, 11, 18], &c.; P. adhat, [SV.]; dhat, [RV.]; P. dhāsur Subj. °sathas and °satha, [RV.]; Ā. adhiṣi, °ṣata, [Br.]; Pot. dhiṣīya, [ib.] [[Pāṇ. vii, 4, 45]]; dheṣīya, [MaitrS.]; fut. dhāsyati, °te or dhātā, [Br.] &c.; inf. dhā́tum, [Br.] &c.; Ved. also °tave, °tavaí, °tos; dhiyádhyai, [RV.]; Class. also -dhitum; ind.p. dhitvā́, [Br.]; hitvā [[Pāṇ. vii, 4, 42]], -dhā́ya and -dhā́m, [AV.] : Pass. dhīyáte, [RV.] &c. [[Pāṇ. vi, 4, 66]], p. dhīyámāna, [RV. i, 155, 2] ; aor. ádhāyi, dhā́yi, [RV.] [[Pāṇ. vii, 3, 33], [Kāś.]]; Prec. dhāsīṣṭa or dhāyiṣīṣṭa [[vi, 4, 62]]) to put, place, set, lay in or on (loc.), [RV.] &c. &c. (with daṇḍam, to inflict punishment on [with loc. [MBh. v, 1075], with gen. [R. v, 28, 7]]; with tat-padavyām padam, to put one's foot in another's footstep i.e. imitate, equal, [Kāvyād. ii, 64]); to take or bring or help to (loc. or dat.; with āré, to remove), [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; (Ā.) to direct or fix the mind or attention (cintām, manas, matim, samādhim &c.) upon, think of (loc. or dat.), fix or resolve upon (loc. dat. acc. with prati or a sentence closed with iti), [RV.]; [Mn.]; [MBh.]; [Kāv.]; [BhP.]; to destine for, bestow on, present or impart to (loc. dat. or gen.), [RV.]; [Br.]; [MBh.] &c. (Pass. to be given or granted, fall to one's [dat.] lot or share, [RV. i, 81, 3]); to appoint, establish, constitute, [RV.]; [ŚBr.]; to render (with double acc.), [RV. vii, 31, 12]; [Bhartṛ. iii, 82]; to make, produce, generate, create, cause, effect, perform, execute, [RV.]; [TBr.]; [ŚvetUp.] &c. (aor. with pūrayām, mantrayām, varayām &c. = pūrayām &c. cakāra); to seize, take hold of, hold, bear, support, wear, put on (clothes), [RV.]; [AV.]; [Kāv.]; [BhP.] &c.; (Ā.) to accept, obtain, conceive (esp. in the womb), get, take (with ókas or cánas, to take pleasure or delight in [loc. or dat.]), [RV.]; [AV.]; [Br.]; to assume, have, possess, show, exhibit, incur, undergo, [RV.]; [Hariv.]; [Kāv.]; [Hit.] etc. : Caus. -dhāpayati, [Pāṇ. vii, 3, 36] (see antar-dhā, śrad-dhā &c.) : Desid. dhítsati, °te ([Pāṇ. vii, 4, 54]), to wish to put in or lay on (loc.), [RV.]; [AitBr.] (Class. Pass. dhitsyate; dhitsya See s.v.); dídhiṣati, °te, to wish to give or present, [RV.]; (Ā.) to wish to gain, strive after (p. dídhiṣāṇa, [x, 114, 1]), [ib.] : with avadyám, to bid defiance, [ib.] [iv, 18, 7] (cf. didhiṣā́yya, didhiṣú) : Intens. dedhīyate, [Pāṇ. vi, 4, 66.]

dhā : [cf. Zd. dā, dadaiti; Gk. θε-, θη-, τίθημι; Lith. dedù, dë́ti; Slav. dedją, děti; Old Sax. duan, dôn, Angl.Sax. dôn, Engl. to do; Germ. tuan; tuon, thun.]

dhā : mfn. putting, placing, bestowing, holding, having, causing &c. (ifc.; cf. dha)

dhā : m. placer, bestower, holder, supporter &c.

dhā : N. of Brahmā or Bṛhas-pati, [L.]

dhā : (ā), f. See 2. dha

dhā : instr. (= nom.) perhaps in the suffix (which forms adverbs from numerals, e.g. eka-dhā́, dví-dhā &c.)

tat : for tád. See col. 3.

tat : , 1. tatá. See √ tan

tat : in comp. for tád.

tat : mfn. ifc. See parī-

tat : cf. purī-tát.

sa : the last of the three sibilants (it belongs to the dental class and in sound corresponds to s in sin).

sa : (in prosody) an anapest (˘ ˘ ¯)

sa : (in music) an abbreviated term for ṣaḍ-ja (see p. 1109, col. 2).

sa : m. (only [L.]) a snake

sa : air, wind

sa : a bird

sa : N. of Viṣṇu or Śiva

sa : n. knowledge

sa : meditation

sa : a carriage road

sa : a fence.

sa : mfn. (fr. √ san) procuring, bestowing (only ifc.; cf. palu-ṣá and priya-sá).

sa : sá the actual base for the nom. case of the 3rd pers. pron. tád, q.v. (occurring only in the nom. sg. mf. [sá or sás, sā], and in the Ved. loc. [sásmin, [RV. i, 152, 6]; [i, 174, 4]; [x, 95, 11]]; the final s of the nom. m. is dropped before all consonants [except before p in [RV. v, 2, 4], and before t in [RV. viii, 33, 16]] and appears only at the end of a sentence in the form of Visarga; occasionally blends with another vowel [as in saīṣaḥ]; and it is often for emphasis connected with another pron. as with aham, tvam, eṣa, ayam &c. [e.g. so 'ham, sa tvam, ‘I (or thou) that very person’; cf. under tád, p. 434], the verb then following in the 1st and 2nd pers. even if aham or tvam be omitted [e.g. sa tvā pṛcchāmi ‘I that very person ask you’, [BṛĀrUp.]; sa vai no brūhi ‘do thou tell us’, [ŚBr.]]; similarly, to denote emphasis, with bhavān [e.g. sa bhavān vijayāya pratiṣṭhatām, ‘let your Highness set out for victory’, [Śak.]]; it sometimes [and frequently in the Brāhmaṇas] stands as the first word of a sentence preceding a rel. pronoun or adv. such as ya, yad, yadi, yathā, ced; in this position may be used pleonastically or as a kind of ind., even where another gender or number is required [e.g. sa yadi sthāvarā āpo bhananti, ‘if those waters are stagnant’, [ŚBr.]]; in the Sāṃkhya , like eṣa, ka, and ya, is used to denote Puruṣa, ‘the Universal Soul’), [RV.] &c. &c.

sa : [cf. Zd. hō, hā; Gk. ὁ, ἡ.]

sa : ind. (connected with saha, sam, sama, and occasionally in [BhP.] standing for saha with instr.) an inseparable prefix expressing ‘junction’, ‘conjunction’, ‘possession’ (as opp. to a priv.), ‘similarity’, ‘equality’

sa : (and when compounded with nouns to form adjectives and adverbs it may be translated by ‘with’, ‘together or along with’, ‘accompanied by’, ‘added to’, ‘having’, ‘possessing’, ‘containing’, ‘having the same’ [cf. sa-kopa, sāgni, sa-bhāya, sa-droṇa, sa-dharman, sa-varṇa]; or it may = ‘ly’, as in sa-kopam, ‘angrily’, sopadhi, ‘fraudulently’), [RV.]; &c.

sa : [cf. Gk. ἁ in ἁπλοῦς; Lat. sim in simplex; sem in semel, semper Eng. same.]

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following).

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : See 5. , p. 1111, col. 2.

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following)

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following)

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

purūravas : purū—rávas mfn. crying much or loudly, [RV. i, 31, 4]

purūravas : purū—rávas m. N. of an ancient king of the lunar race (the lover of Urvaśī [cf. [RV. x, 95]; [ŚBr. xi, 5, 1] and Kālidāsa's drama Vikramorvaśī], son of Budha and Iḻā, father of Āyus and ancestor of Puru Duṣyanta, Bharata, Kuru, Dhṛtarāṣṭra and Pāṇḍu, supposed to have instituted the 3 sacrificial fires [[VS. v, 2]]; according to [Nir. x, 46] he is one of the beings belonging to the middle region of the universe, and is possibly to be connected with the Sun as Urvaśī is with the Dawn; according to others a Viśva-deva or a Pārvaṇa-śrāddha-deva), [RV.] &c.

purūravas : purū-ravas See col. 1.

me : cl. 1. Ā. ([Dhātup. xxii, 65]) mayate (ep. also P. mayati; pf. mame Gr.; aor. amāsta, [ib.]; fut. mātā, māsyate, [ib.]; ind.p. -mitya or -māya, [ib.]). to exchange, barter (cf. apa-. and ni-√ me) : Caus. māpayati, [ib.] : Desid. mitsate, [ib.] : Intens. memīyate, māmeti, māmāti, [ib.]

me : (onomat.) imitative of the sound of a bleating goat (me-me-√ kṛ, to bleat), [Kāv.]

aham : ahám nom. sg., ‘I’, [RV.] &c.

aham : = ahaṃkaraṇa, q.v., (hence declinable gen. ahamas, &c.), [BhP.]

aham : [Zd. azem; Gk. ἐγώ; Goth. ik; Mod. Germ. ich; Lith. asz; Slav. az].

ojas : ójas n. (√ vaj, or uj; cf. ugra), bodily strength, vigour, energy, ability, power, [RV.]; [AV.]; [TS.]; [AitBr.]; [MBh.] &c.

ojas : vitality (the principle of vital warmth and action throughout the body), [Suśr.] &c.

ojas : (in rhet.) elaborate style (abounding with compounds)

ojas : vigorous or emphatic expression, [Sāh.]; [Vām.]

ojas : water, [L.]

ojas : light, splendour, lustre, [L.]

ojas : manifestation, appearance, [L.]

ojas : support, [L.]

ojas : ójas m. N. of a Yakṣa, [BhP.];

ojas : [cf. Zd. avjaṅh, ‘power’; Gk. ὑγ-ιές, αὐγ-ή, ἐρι-αυγής; Lat. vigēre, augere, augur, augus-tus, auxilium; Goth. aukan, Eng. eke.]

śās : (cf. √ śaṃs) cl. 2. P. ([Dhātup. xxiv, 67]) śāsti (Ved. and ep. also śā́ste and śāsati, °te; du. śiṣṭhaḥ &c., [Pāṇ. vi, 4, 34]; 3. pl. śāsati, [ib.] [vi, 1, 6]; impf. aśāt, [Br.] &c.; Impv. śādhi, śāstána, [RV.]; Pot. śiṣyāt, [Up.]; [GṛŚrS.]; pf. śaśāsa, °suḥ [in [RV.] also Impv. śaśādhi and Subj. śaśās] [RV.] &c. &c.; aor. aśiṣat [in [RV.] also 1. pl. śiṣāmahi and p. śiṣát] [ib.]; fut. śāsitā Gr.; śāsiṣyati, °te, [Br.] &c.; inf. śāstum, [GṛŚrS.]; śāsitum, [MBh.] &c.; ind.p. śāsitvā or śiṣṭvā, [ib.]; -śiṣya, [Br.]; [Up.]; -śāsya, [MBh.] &c.), to chastise, correct, censure, punish, [RV.] &c. &c.; to restrain, control, rule, govern (also with rājyam or aiśvaryam), [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c.; to administer the laws (with dharmam, ‘to administer justice’), [MBh.]; to direct, bid, order, command, enjoin, decree (with an inf. or a sentence followed by iti), [ib.]; to teach, instruct, inform (with two acc., or with acc. of pers. and dat. or loc. of thing), [RV.] &c. &c.; to confess (a crime), [Mn. xi, 82]; to announce, proclaim, [Bhaṭṭ.]; to predict, foretell, [VarBṛS.]; to blame, reject, disdain (?), [RV. x, 32, 4]; to praise, commend (= √ śaṃs), [Hit. iii, 102] : Pass. śāsyate or śiṣyate (cf. √ śiṣ), to be chastised or corrected &c., [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c.: Caus. śāśayati (aor. aśaśāsat, [Pāṇ. vii, 4, 2]), to recommend, [Bālar. v, 33] : Desid. śiśāsiṣati Gr.: Intens. śeśiṣyate, śāśāsti, [ib.]

śās : śā́s f. command

śās : a commander, ruler, [RV.]

śās : strong form of √ 1. śas.

śās : strong form for 3. śas (see uktha-śás).

viduṣī : f. (compar. °ṣī-tarā or °ṣi-tarā, [Vop.]; fr. vidvas) a wise woman, [L.]

vid : cl. 2. P. ([Dhātup. xxiv, 56]) vetti (vidmahe, [Br.]; vedati, °te, [Up.]; [MBh.]; vidáti, °te, [AV.] &c.; vindati, °te, [MBh.] &c.; Impv. vidāṃ-karotu, [Pañcat.] [cf. [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 41]]; 1. sg. impf. avedam, 2. sg. avet or aves [[Pāṇ. viii, 2, 75]] [RV.] &c. &c.; 3. pl. avidus, [Br.] [cf. [Pāṇ. iii, 4, 109]]; avidan, [MBh.] &c.; pf. véda [often substituted for pr. vetti cf. [Pāṇ. iii, 4, 83]], 3. pl. vidús or vidre, [RV.]; viveda, [MBh.] &c.; vidāṃcakā́ra, [Br.] &c. [cf. [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 38]; accord. to [Vop.] also vidām-babhūva]; aor. avedīt, [ib.]; vidām-akran, [TBr.]; fut. veditā́, [ŚBr.]; vettā, [MBh.] fut. vediṣyati, °te, [Br.]; [Up.]; vetsyati, °te, [MBh.] &c.; inf. véditum, °tos, [Br.]; vettum, [MBh.] &c.; ind.p. viditvā́, [Br.] &c.), to know, understand, perceive, learn, become or be acquainted with, be conscious of, have a correct notion of (with acc., in older, language also with gen.; with inf. = to know how to), [RV.] &c. &c. (viddhi yathā, ‘know that’; vidyāt, ‘one should know’, ‘it should be understood’; ya evam veda [in [Br.]], ‘who knows thus’, ‘who has this knowledge’); to know or regard or consider as, take for, declare to be, call (esp. in 3. pl. vidus, with two acc. or with acc. and nom. with iti, e.g. taṃ sthaviraṃ viduḥ, ‘they consider or call him aged’; rājarṣir iti māṃ viduḥ, ‘they consider me a Rājarṣi’), [Up.]; [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.; to mind, notice, observe, remember (with gen. or acc.), [RV.]; [AV.]; [Br.]; to experience, feel (acc. or gen.), [RV.] &c. &c.; to wish to know, inquire about (acc.), [ŚBr.]; [MBh.] : Caus. vedáyate (rarely °ti; aor. avīvidat; Pass. vedyate), to make known, announce, report, tell, [ŚBr.] &c. &c.; to teach, explain, [ŚāṅkhŚr.]; [Nir.]; to recognize or regard as, take for (two acc.), [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c.; to feel, experience, [ŚBr.]; [Mn.] &c.: Desid. of Caus. in vivedayiṣu, q.v.: Desid. vividiṣati or vivitsati, to wish to know or learn, inquire about (acc.), [ŚBr.]; &c. : Intens. vevidyate, vevetti Gr.

vid : [cf. Gk. εἶδον for ἐϝιδον, οἶδα for ϝοιδα = veda; Lat. videre; Slav. věděti; Goth. witan, wait; Germ. wizzan, wissen; Angl.Sax. wât; Eng. wot.]

vid : víd mfn. knowing, understanding, a knower (mostly ifc.; superl. vit-tama), [KaṭhUp.]; [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.

vid : víd m. the planet Mercury, [VarBṛS.] (cf. 2. jña)

vid : víd f. knowledge understanding, [RV.]; [KauṣUp.]

vid : (pl.), [Bhām.]

vid : (originally identical with √ 1. ) cl. 6. P. Ā. ([Dhātup. xxviii, 138]) vindáti, °te (Ved. also vitté, vidé; p. vidāná or vidāna [q.v.]; ep. 3. pl. vindate Pot. vindyāt, often = vidyāt; pf. vivéda [3. pl. vividus Subj. vividat], vividvás, 3. pl. vividre, vidré, [RV.] &c. &c.; p. vividvás, [RV.]; vividivas, [Pāṇ. vii, 2, 68]; aor. ávidat, °data, [ib.] 3. [Ved. Subj. vidā́si, °dā́t; Pot. vidét, deta, [VS.]; [AV.]; [Br.]; sg. videṣṭa, [AV. ii, 36, 3]]; Ā. 1. sg. avitsi, [RV.]; [Br.]; fut. vettā, vediṣyati Gr.; vetsyati, °te, [Br.] &c.; inf. vidé, [RV.]; vettum, [MBh.] &c.; véttave, [AV.]; °ttavai [?] and °tos, [Br.]; ind.p. vittvā́, [AV.]; [Br.]; -vidya, [Br.] &c.), to find, discover, meet or fall in with, obtain, get, acquire, partake of, possess, [RV.] &c. &c. (with diśas, to find out the quarters of the sky, [MBh.]) ; to get or procure for (dat.), [RV.]; [ChUp.]; to seek out, look for, attend to, [RV.] &c. &c.; to feel, experience, [Cāṇ.]; to consider as, take for (two acc.), [Kāv.]; to come upon, befall, seize, visit, [RV.]; [AV.]; [Br.]; to contrive, accomplish, perform, effect, produce, [RV.]; [ŚBr.]; (Ā. mc. also P.) to take to wife, marry (with or scil. bhāryām), [RV.]; [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.; to find (a husband), marry (said of a woman), [AV.]; [Mn.]; [MBh.]; to obtain (a son, with or scil. sutam), [BhP.] : Pass. or Ā. vidyáte (ep. also °ti; p. vidyamāna [q.v.]; aor. avedi), to be found, exist, be, [RV.] &c. &c.; (esp. in later language) vidyate, ‘there is, there exists’, often with na, ‘there is not’; with bhoktum, ‘there is something to eat’; followed by a fut., ‘is it possible that?’, [Pāṇ. iii, 3, 146], Sch.; yathā-vidé, ‘as it happens’ i.e. ‘as usual’, ‘as well as possible’, [RV. i, 127, 4] &c. : Caus. vedayati, to cause to find &c., [MBh.] : Desid. vividiṣati or vivitsati, °te Gr. (cf. vivitsita) : Intens. vevidyate, vevetti, [ib.] (for p. vévidat and °dāna See vi- and saṃ√ vid).

vid : (ifc.) finding, acquiring, procuring (see anna-, aśva-, ahar-vid &c.)

vid : cl. 7. Ā. ([Dhātup. xxix, 13]) vintte, to consider as, take for (two acc.), [Bhaṭṭ.]

sa : the last of the three sibilants (it belongs to the dental class and in sound corresponds to s in sin).

sa : (in prosody) an anapest (˘ ˘ ¯)

sa : (in music) an abbreviated term for ṣaḍ-ja (see p. 1109, col. 2).

sa : m. (only [L.]) a snake

sa : air, wind

sa : a bird

sa : N. of Viṣṇu or Śiva

sa : n. knowledge

sa : meditation

sa : a carriage road

sa : a fence.

sa : mfn. (fr. √ san) procuring, bestowing (only ifc.; cf. palu-ṣá and priya-sá).

sa : sá the actual base for the nom. case of the 3rd pers. pron. tád, q.v. (occurring only in the nom. sg. mf. [sá or sás, sā], and in the Ved. loc. [sásmin, [RV. i, 152, 6]; [i, 174, 4]; [x, 95, 11]]; the final s of the nom. m. is dropped before all consonants [except before p in [RV. v, 2, 4], and before t in [RV. viii, 33, 16]] and appears only at the end of a sentence in the form of Visarga; occasionally blends with another vowel [as in saīṣaḥ]; and it is often for emphasis connected with another pron. as with aham, tvam, eṣa, ayam &c. [e.g. so 'ham, sa tvam, ‘I (or thou) that very person’; cf. under tád, p. 434], the verb then following in the 1st and 2nd pers. even if aham or tvam be omitted [e.g. sa tvā pṛcchāmi ‘I that very person ask you’, [BṛĀrUp.]; sa vai no brūhi ‘do thou tell us’, [ŚBr.]]; similarly, to denote emphasis, with bhavān [e.g. sa bhavān vijayāya pratiṣṭhatām, ‘let your Highness set out for victory’, [Śak.]]; it sometimes [and frequently in the Brāhmaṇas] stands as the first word of a sentence preceding a rel. pronoun or adv. such as ya, yad, yadi, yathā, ced; in this position may be used pleonastically or as a kind of ind., even where another gender or number is required [e.g. sa yadi sthāvarā āpo bhananti, ‘if those waters are stagnant’, [ŚBr.]]; in the Sāṃkhya , like eṣa, ka, and ya, is used to denote Puruṣa, ‘the Universal Soul’), [RV.] &c. &c.

sa : [cf. Zd. hō, hā; Gk. ὁ, ἡ.]

sa : ind. (connected with saha, sam, sama, and occasionally in [BhP.] standing for saha with instr.) an inseparable prefix expressing ‘junction’, ‘conjunction’, ‘possession’ (as opp. to a priv.), ‘similarity’, ‘equality’

sa : (and when compounded with nouns to form adjectives and adverbs it may be translated by ‘with’, ‘together or along with’, ‘accompanied by’, ‘added to’, ‘having’, ‘possessing’, ‘containing’, ‘having the same’ [cf. sa-kopa, sāgni, sa-bhāya, sa-droṇa, sa-dharman, sa-varṇa]; or it may = ‘ly’, as in sa-kopam, ‘angrily’, sopadhi, ‘fraudulently’), [RV.]; &c.

sa : [cf. Gk. ἁ in ἁπλοῦς; Lat. sim in simplex; sem in semel, semper Eng. same.]

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following).

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : See 5. , p. 1111, col. 2.

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following)

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following)

sa : (to be similarly prefixed to the following) :

ahan : áhan n. the base of the weak and some other cases of áhar, q.v., e.g. instr. áhnā [once ahanā́, [RV. i, 123, 4]]

ahan : dat. áhne

ahan : loc. áhan (Ved.) or áhani, or ahni, &c.

ahan : nom. du. áhanī (see also s.v. áhar) and pl. áhāni

ahan : only Ved. are the middle cases of the pl. áhabhyas [[RV.]], áhabhis [[RV.], nine times], and áhasu [[RV. i, 124, 9]], while the later language forms them fr. the base áhas, q.v.

na : the dental nasal (found at the beginning of words and before or after dental consonants as well as between vowels; subject to conversion into ṇa, [Pāṇ. viii, 4, 1]-[39]).

na : ná ind. not, no, nor, neither, [RV.] (nā, [x, 34, 8]) &c. &c. (as well in simple negation as in wishing, requesting and commanding, except in prohibition before an Impv. or an augmentless aor. [cf. 1. mā]; in successive sentences or clauses either simply repeated, e.g. [Mn. iv, 34]; or strengthened by another particle, esp. at the second place or further on in the sentence, e.g. by u [cf. no], utá, api, cāpi, vā, vāpi or atha vā, [RV. i, 170, 1]; [151, 9]; [Nal. iii, 24], &c.; it may even be replaced by ca, vā, api ca, api vā, &c. alone, as, [Mn. ii, 98]; [Nal. i, 14], &c.; often joined with other particles, beside those mentioned above esp. with a following tu, tv eva, tv eva tu, ced, q.v., khalu, q.v., ha [cf. g. cādi and [Pāṇ. viii, 1, 31]] &c.; before round or collective numbers and after any numeral in the instr. or abl. it expresses deficiency, e.g. ekayā na viṃśati, not 20 by 1 i.e. 19 [ŚBr.]; pañcabhir na catvāri śatāni, 395 [ib.]; with another or an a priv. it generally forms a strong affirmation [cf. [Vām. v, 1, 9]] e.g. neyaṃ na vakṣyati, she will most certainly declare, [Śak. iii, 9]; nādaṇḍyo 'sti, he must certainly be punished, [Mn. viii, 335]; it may also, like a, form compounds, [Vām. v, 2, 13] [cf. below])

na : that not, lest, for fear lest (with Pot.), [MBh.]; [R.]; [Daś.] &c.

na : like, as, as it were (only in Veda and later artificial language, e.g. gauro na tṛṣitaḥ piba, drink like [lit. ‘not’ i.e. ‘although not being’] a thirsty deer; in this sense it does not coalesce metrically with a following vowel).

na : [cf. Gk. νη-; Lat. ně-; Angl.Sax. ne, ‘not’; Engl. no, &c.]

na : mfn. ([L.]) thin, spare

na : vacant, empty

na : identical

na : unvexed, unbroken

na : m. band, fetter

na : jewel, pearl

na : war

na : gift

na : welfare

na : N. of Buddha

na : N. of Gaṇeśa

na : = prastuta

na : = dviraṇḍa (?)

me : cl. 1. Ā. ([Dhātup. xxii, 65]) mayate (ep. also P. mayati; pf. mame Gr.; aor. amāsta, [ib.]; fut. mātā, māsyate, [ib.]; ind.p. -mitya or -māya, [ib.]). to exchange, barter (cf. apa-. and ni-√ me) : Caus. māpayati, [ib.] : Desid. mitsate, [ib.] : Intens. memīyate, māmeti, māmāti, [ib.]

me : (onomat.) imitative of the sound of a bleating goat (me-me-√ kṛ, to bleat), [Kāv.]

aham : ahám nom. sg., ‘I’, [RV.] &c.

aham : = ahaṃkaraṇa, q.v., (hence declinable gen. ahamas, &c.), [BhP.]

aham : [Zd. azem; Gk. ἐγώ; Goth. ik; Mod. Germ. ich; Lith. asz; Slav. az].

ā : the second vowel of the alphabet corresponding to the a in far.

ā : ind. a particle of reminiscence, [Pāṇ. i, 1, 14]; [Pat.]

ā : also of compassion or pain [more correctly written 1. ās, q.v.], and of assent, [L.] [This particle remains unaltered in orthography even before vowels (which causes it to be sometimes confounded with 1. ās), [Pāṇ. i, 1, 14.]]

ā : m. N. of Śiva, [L.]

ā : grandfather, [L.]

ā : f. N. of Lakṣmī, [L.]

ā : ā́ (as a prefix to verbs, especially of motion, and their derivatives) near, near to, towards (see ā-√ kram &c.; in the Veda, of course, the prefix is separable from the verb; in a few cases, [RV. i, 10, 11] and [v, 64, 5], a verb in the imperative is to be supplied; with roots like gam, yā, and i, ‘to go’, and 1. dā, ‘to give’, it reverses the action; e.g. ā-gacchati, ‘he comes’; ā-datte, ‘he takes’). (As a prep. with a preceding acc.) near to, towards, to, [RV.]

ā : (with a preceding noun in the acc., as jóṣam or váram) for, [RV.]

ā : (with a following acc.) up to … exclusively, [AitBr.]

ā : (with a preceding abl.) from, [RV.]; [AV.]

ā : out of, from among (e.g. bahúbhya ā́, ‘from among many’), [RV.]

ā : towards (only in asmád ā́, ‘towards us’), [RV.]

ā : (with a following abl. cf. [Pāṇ. ii, 1, 13] & [3, 10]) up to, to, as far as, [RV.]; [AV.] &c.

ā : from, [RV. i, 30, 21]

ā : (with a preceding loc.) in, at, on [RV.]; [AV.] (As an adv. after words expressing a number or degree) fully, really, indeed (e.g. trír ā́ divás, ‘quite or fully three times a day’; mahimā́ vām índrāgnī pániṣṭha ā́,, ‘your greatness, O Indra and Agni, is most praiseworthy indeed’, &c.), [RV.]

ā : (after a subst. or adj.) ‘as, like’, (or it simply strengthens the sense of the preceding word), [RV.], (after a verb), [RV. v, 7, 7]; [KenaUp.]

ā : (as a conjunctive particle) moreover, further, and (it is placed either between the two words connected [rarely after the second, [RV. x, 16, 11], or after both, [RV. x, 92, 8]] or, if there are more, after the last [[RV. iv, 57, 1] and [x, 75, 5]]; see also ātaś ca s.v.) In classical Sanskṛt it may denote the limit ‘to’, ‘until’, ‘as far as’, ‘from’, either not including the object named or including it (sometimes with acc. or abl. or forming an adv.) e.g. ā-maraṇam or ā-maraṇāt, ‘till death’, [Pañcat.] (cf. ā-maraṇānta &c.)

ā : ā-gopālā dvijātayaḥ, ‘the twice-born including the cowherds’, [MBh. ii, 531]

ā : ā-samudram or ā-samudrāt, ‘as far as the ocean’ or ‘from the ocean’ (but not including it)

ā : ā-kumāram, ‘from a child’ or ‘from childhood’ or ‘to a child’ (cf. Lat. a puero), [MBh. iii, 1403]

ā : ā-kumāram yaśaḥ pāṇineḥ, ‘the fame of Pāṇini extends even to children’

ā : ā́ ājānu-bāhu mfn. ‘one whose arms reach down to the knees’, [R. i, 1, 12]

ā : ā́ (see also ākarṇa- and ājanma-)

ā : ā́ (cf. ā-jarasám, ā-vyuṣám, ā-saptama, otsūryám.) Prefixed to adj. [rarely to subst.; cf. ā-kopa] it implies diminution, [Pāṇ. ii, 2, 18] Comm. ‘a little’ e.g. ā-piñjara mfn. a little red, reddish, [Ragh. xvi, 51]

ā : ā́ (see also ā-pakva, oṣṇa, &c.) Some commentaries (e.g. Comm. on [Ragh. iii, 8]) occasionally give to in this application the meaning samantāt, ‘all through, completely’, as ā-nīla, ‘blue all round’.

śru : cl. 5. P. ([Dhātup. xxii, 44]) śṛṇóti (Ved. and ep. also Ā. śṛṇute, and in [RV.] 3. sg. śṛṇvé, 2. sg. °viṣé, 3. pl. °viré [cf. below]; Impv. śṛṇu, °ṇudhī́ or °ṇudhí and °ṇuhī́ or °ṇuhí pl. śṛṇutā́ or śṛṇutá, °ṇota and °ṇotana, [RV.]; pf. śuśrā́va [once in [R.] with pass. sense], śuśruve [2. sg. śuśrotha, 1. pl. śuśruma, in [Up.] also °mas; śuśravat, śuśrūyā́s, [RV.], p. śuśruvás, q.v.]; aor. Ved. áśravam, áśrot, 2. sg. śróṣi; Subj. śrávat, °vathaḥ; [?] śruvam, [TĀr.]; Impv. śrudhī́ or śrudhí, śrótu, [RV.]; aśrauṣīt, [Br.] &c.; Subj. śroṣan Impv. śroṣantu, [RV.] [cf. śróṣamāṇa]; Prec. śrūyā́sam, [AV.] &c.; fut. śrotā, [MBh.]; śroṣyati, °te, [Br.] &c.; inf. śrotum, [MBh.] &c.; ind.p. śrutvā́, [RV.] &c.; -śrútya, [AV.] &c.; śrāvam, [GṛŚrS.] &c.), to hear, listen or attend to anything (acc.), give ear to any one (acc. or gen.), hear or learn anything about (acc.) or from (abl. gen. instr., mukhāt or śakāśāt), or that anything is (two acc.), [RV.] &c. &c.; to hear (from a teacher), study, learn, [ŚrS.]; [MBh.] &c.; to be attentive, be obedient, obey, [MBh.]; [R.] &c.: Pass. śrūyáte (ep. also °ti; and in [RV.] śṛṇve &c. [cf. above] with pass. meaning; aor. aśrāvi, śrāvi), to be heard or perceived or learnt about (acc.) or from (gen. abl. or mukhāt; in later language often 3. sg. śrūyate impers. ‘it is heard’, ‘one hears or learns or reads in a book’, = ‘it is said’, ‘it is written in (with loc.)’; Impv. śrūyatām, ‘let it be heard’ = ‘listen!’), [RV.] &c. &c.; to be celebrated or renowned, be known as, pass for, be called (nom.), [RV.] ; to be heard or learnt (from a teacher), [Pañcat.]; to be taught or stated (in a book), [Sarvad.]; to be heard i.e. pronounced or employed (as a sound or word), [TPrāt.], Sch.: Caus. śrāváyati (ep. also °te, in [RV.] also śraváyati; aor. aśuśravi, °vuḥ, [RV.]; aśuśruvat, [Br.]; aśiśravat Gr.; Pass. śrāvyate See below), to cause to be heard or learnt, announce, proclaim, declare, [RV.] &c. &c.; to cause to hear, inform, instruct, communicate, relate, tell (with acc. of thing, and acc. gen., or dat. of pers., or with instr. in sense of ‘through’), [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.: Pass. of Caus. śrāvyate, to be informed of (acc.), [MBh.] &c.: Desid. śúśrūṣate ([Pāṇ. i, 3, 57]; ep. or mc. also °ti; Pass. śuśrūṣyate), to wish or like to hear (acc.), desire to attend or listen to (dat.), [RV.] &c. &c.; to attend upon, serve, obey (acc., rarely gen.), [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.: Caus. of Desid. śuśrūṣayati, to wait upon, be at the service of (acc.), [Kull.] on [Mn. ii, 243] : Desid. of Caus. śiśrāvayiṣati or śuśrāvayiṣati Gr.: Intens. śośrūyate, śośravīti, śośroti Gr.

śru : [cf. Gk. κλύω, κλῦθι = śrudhí, κλυτός = śrutá &c.; Lat. cluo, in-clutus; Slav. sluti; Germ. laut; Eng. loud.]

śru : (only in śrúvat; generally an incorrect form of √ sru), to dissolve into parts, burst asunder, [RV. i, 127, 3.]

kim : kím ind. (fr. 1. ki, originally nom. and acc. sg. n. of 2. ká, q.v.), what? how? whence? wherefore? why?

kim : is much used as a particle of interrogation like the Lat. num, an, sometimes translatable by ‘whether?’ but oftener serving only like a note of interrogation to mark a question (e.g. kiṃ vyādhā vane 'smin saṃcaranti, ‘do hunters roam about in this wood?’ In an interrogation the verb, if uncompounded with a preposition, generally retains its accent after , [Pāṇ. viii, 1, 44]). To this sense may be referred the expressing inferiority, deficiency, &c. at the beginning of compounds (e.g. kiṃ-rājan, what sort of king? i.e. a bad king, [Pāṇ. ii, 1, 64]; [v, 4, 70])

kim : also the prefixed to verbs with a similar meaning (e.g. kim-adhīte, he reads badly, [Pāṇ. viii, 1, 44],[Kāś.]) —uta, or —uta-vā or —athavā—uta, whether—or—or, [R.]; [Śak.]; [Bhartṛ.] &c. (cf. utá.)

kim : is very frequently connected with other particles, as follows: kím aṅgá, wherefore then? [RV.]

kim : atha kim. See átha

kim : kim api, somewhat, to a considerable extent, rather, much more, still further, [Śak.]; [Megh.] &c.

kim : kim iti, why? [Śak.]; [Kum.]; [Pañcat.] &c.

kim : kim-iva, what for? [Śiś. xvi, 31]

kim : kím-u or kím-utá how much more? how much less? [RV.]; [ŚBr.]; [MBh.] &c.

kim : kiṃ kila, what a pity! (expressing dissatisfaction), [Pāṇ. iii, 3, 146]

kim : kiṃ-ca, moreover, further, [Pañcat.]; [Kathās.] &c.

kim : what more (expressing impatience), [Śak.]

kim : kiṃ-cana (originally -ca na, negative = ‘in no way’), to a certain degree, a little, [Kathās.]

kim : (with a negation) in no way, not at all, [MBh. i, 6132]

kim : kiṃ-cid, somewhat, a little, [MBh.]; [R.] &c.

kim : kiṃ tarhi, how then? but, however, [Pāṇ. ii, 2, 4], [Pat.]; [iv, 1, 163], [Kāś.]

kim : kiṃ-tu, but, however, nevertheless (bearing the same relation to tu that kiṃ-ca bears to ca), [MBh.]; [R.] &c.

kim : kiṃ-nu, whether indeed? (a stronger interrogative than alone), [MBh.]; [R.] &c.

kim : how much more? how much less? [Bhag. i, 35]

kim : kiṃ nu khalu, how possibly? (a still stronger interrogative), [Śak.]

kim : kim punar, how much more? how much less? [R.]; [Bhag. ix, 33] &c.

kim : however, [Bālar.]

kim : but, [ib.]

kim : kiṃ vā, whether? or whether? [Śak.]; [Pañcat.] &c.

kim : or (often a mere particle of interrogation)

kim : kíṃ svid, why? [Kathās. xxvi, 75]

kim : a stronger interrogative than alone, [RV.]; [MBh.]; [Kathās.]

kim : (in comp.)

ka : the first consonant of the alphabet, and the first guttural letter (corresponding in sound to k in keep or king).

ka : ká kas, kā, kim, interrog. pron. (see kim and kad, and cf. the following words in which the interrogative base appears, katama, katara, kati, katham, kadā, karhi, kā, &c.), who? which? what? In its declension follows the pronoun tad except in nom. acc. sing. neut., where kim has taken the place of kad or kat in classical Sanskṛt; but the old form kad is found in the Veda (see [Gram. 227]);

ka : [cf. Zd. ka, kô, kâ, kat; Gk. πόθεν, πῶς, (Ion. κόθεν, κῶς), τίς, τί; Lat. quis, quid; Lith. kas ká; Goth. hvas, hvô, hva, Angl.Sax. hwā, hwaet; Eng. who, what.]

ka : The interrogative sentence introduced by is often terminated by iti (e.g. kasya sa putra iti kathyatām, let it be said, ‘whose son is he?’), but iti may be omitted and the sentence lose its direct interrogative character (e.g. kasya sa putro na jñāyate, it is not known whose son he is). with or without √ 1. as may express ‘how is it possible that?’ ‘what power have I, you, they, &c.?’ (e.g. ke mama dhanvino'nye, what can the other archers do against me? ke āvām paritrātum, what power have we to rescue you?) is often connected with a demonstrative pron. (e.g. ko 'yam āyāti, who comes here?) or with the potential (e.g. ko hariṃ nindet, who will blame Hari?) is sometimes repeated (e.g. kaḥ ko 'tra, who is there? kān kān, whom? whom? i.e. which of them? cf. [Gram. 54]), and the repetition is often due to a kind of attraction (e.g. keṣāṃ kiṃ śāstram adhyayanīyam, which book is to be read by whom? [Gram. 836. a]). When kim is connected with the inst. c. of a noun or with the indeclinable participle it may express ‘what is gained by doing so, &c.?’ (= ko'rthas); (e.g. kiṃ vilambena, what is gained by delay? kim bahunā, what is the use of more words? dhanena kiṃ yo na dadāti, what is the use of wealth to him who does not give? with inst. and gen., nīrujaḥ kim auṣadhaiḥ, what is the use of medicine to the healthy?)

ka : is often followed by the particles iva, u, nāma, nu, vā, svid, some of which serve merely to generalize the interrogation (e.g. kim iva etad, what can this be? ka u śravat, who can possibly hear? ko nāma jānāti, who indeed knows? ko nvayam, who, pray, is this? kiṃ nu kāryam, what is to be done? ko vā devād anyaḥ, who possibly other than a god? kasya svid hṛdayaṃ nāsti, of what person is there no heart?)

ka : is occasionally used alone as an indefinite pronoun, especially in negative sentences (e.g. na kasya ko vallabhaḥ, no one is a favourite of any one; nānyo jānāti kaḥ, no one else knows; kathaṃ sa ghātayati kam, how does he kill any one?) Generally, however, is only made indefinite when connected with the particles ca, caná, cid, vā, and ápi, in which case may sometimes be preceded by the relative ya (e.g. ye ke ca, any persons whatsoever; yasyai kasyai ca devatāyai, to any deity whatsoever; yāni kāni ca mitrāṇi, any friends whatsoever; yat kiṃca, whatever). The particle cana, being composed of ca and na, properly gives a negative force to the pronoun (e.g. yasmād indrād ṛte kiṃcana, without which Indra there is nothing), but the negative sense is generally dropped (e.g. kaścana, any one; na kaścana, no one), and a relative is sometimes connected with it (e.g. yat kiṃcana, anything whatsoever). Examples of cid with the interrogative are common; vā and api are not so common, but the latter is often found in classical Sanskṛt (e.g. kaścid, any one; kecid, some; na kaścid, no one; na kiṃcid api, nothing whatsoever; yaḥ kaścid, any one whatsoever; kecit — kecit, some — others; yasmin kasmin vā deśe, in any country whatsoever; na ko 'pi, no one; na kimapi, nothing whatever). may sometimes be used, like 2. kad, at the beginning of a compound. See ka-pūya, &c.

ka : ká as, m. (according to native authorities) N. of Prajāpati or of a Prajāpati, [VS. xx, 4]; [xxii, 20]; [TS. i]; [ŚBr.] &c.

ka : of Brahman, [MBh. i, 32]; [BhP. iii, 12, 51]; [xii, 13, 19]; [20]

ka : of Dakṣa, [BhP. ix, 10, 10]

ka : of Viṣṇu, [L.]

ka : of Yama, [L.]

ka : of Garuḍa

ka : the soul, [Tattvas.]

ka : a particular comet, [VarBṛS.]

ka : the sun, [L.]

ka : fire, [L.]

ka : splendour, light, [L.]

ka : air, [L.]

ka : a peacock, [L.]

ka : the body, [L.]

ka : time, [L.]

ka : wealth, [L.]

ka : sound, [L.]

ka : a king, [L.]

ka : = kāma-granthi (?)

ka : ká (am), n. happiness, joy, pleasure, [ChUp. iv, 10, 5]; [Nir.] &c.

ka : water, [MaitrS. i, 10, 10]; [ŚBr. x]; [Yājñ.] &c.

ka : the head

ka : hair, a head of hair, [L.]

ka : ká n. (also regarded as ind.; cf. 1. kam.)

ka : a Taddhita affix (much used in forming adjectives; it may also be added to nouns to express diminution, deterioration, or similarity, e.g. putraka, a little son; aśvaka, a bad horse or like a horse).

abhuj : a-bhúj mfn. one who has not experienced or enjoyed, [RV. x, 95, 11.]

vad : cl. 1. P. Ā. ([Dhātup. xxiii, 40]) vádati, °te (ep. mc. also vādati; Pot. udeyam, [AV.]; pf. uvāda pl. ūdimá, [RV.]; ūde &c., [Br.]; [Up.]; veditha, °dāthuḥ, °duḥ, [Vop.]; aor. avādīt, °diṣuḥ, [RV.] &c. &c.; Subj. vādiṣaḥ, [AV.]; avādiran, [ib.]; vadiṣma, °ṣṭhāḥ, [Br.]; Prec. udyāt, [ib.]; fut. vadiṣyáti, °te, [AV.] &c.; inf. váditos, [Br.]; vaditum, [ib.] &c.; ind.p. uditvā, [GṛŚrS.]; -udya, [Br.]), to speak, say, utter, tell, report, speak to, talk with, address (P. or Ā.; with acc. of the thing said, and acc. [with or without abhi] or gen., or loc. of the person addressed ; also followed by yad, ‘that’, or by yadi, ‘whether’), [RV.] &c. &c.; (P.) to praise, recommend, [MBh.]; to adjudge, adjudicate, [TS.]; [BhP.]; to indicate, designate, [VarBṛS.]; to proclaim, announce, foretell, bespeak, [ĀśvGṛ.]; [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c.; to allege, affirm, [ib.]; to declare (any one or anything) to be, call (two acc. or acc. and nom. with iti), [AV.] &c. &c.; (with or scil. vācam) to raise the voice, sing, utter a cry (said of birds and &c.), [RV.] &c. &c.; (Ā.) to say, tell, speak to (acc.), [ŚBr.] &c. &c.; to mention, state, communicate, name, [TS.]; [R.]; [Hariv.]; to confer or dispute about, [RV.]; [TS.]; to contend, quarrel, [ŚBr.]; to lay claim to (loc.), [AitBr.]; to be an authority, be eminent in (loc.), [Pāṇ. i, 3, 47]; to triumph, exult, [Bhaṭṭ.] : Pass. udyáte (aor. avādi), to be said or spoken &c., [AV.]; &c. : Caus. vādáyati m.c. also °te (cf. [Pāṇ. i, 3, 89]; aor. avīvadat; Pass. vādyate, ep. also °ti), to cause to speak or say, [MBh.]; to cause to sound, strike, play (with instr., rarely loc. of the instrument), [ŚBr.]; [MBh.] &c.; to play music, [MBh.]; [R.]; [Hariv.]; (with bahu) to make much ado about one's self, [Subh.]; to cause a musical instrument (acc.) to be played by (instr.), [Pāṇ. i, 1, 58] Vārtt. 2; [Pat.]; to speak, recite, rehearse, [Hariv.] : Desid. vivadiṣati, °te, to desire to speak, [Br.]; [Gobh.] : Intens. vā́vadīti ([RV.]; [AV.]), vāvadyáte, ([ŚBr.]), vāvatti (Gr.), to speak or sound aloud.

vad : [cf. Lit. vadìnti.]