jana : jána mf(I)n. ‘generating’, see puraṃ-

jana : jána m. (g. vṛṣādi) creature, living being, man, person, race (páñca jánās, ‘the five races’ = p° kṛṣṭáyas, [RV. iii], [viii ff.]; [MBh. iii, 14160]), people, subjects (the sg. used collectively, e.g. daívya or divyā́ j°, ‘divine race’, the gods collectively, [RV.]; mahat j°, many people, [R. vi, 101, 2]; often ifc. denoting one person or a number of persons collectively, e.g. preṣya-, bandhu-, sakhī- &c., qq.vv. ; with names of peoples, [VarBṛS. iv, 22] and [v, 74]; ayaṃ janaḥ, ‘this person, these persons’, I, we, [MBh. viii, 709]; [Hariv. 7110]; [R. ii, 41, 2]; [Śak.] &c.; eṣa j°, id., [Kāvyād. ii, 75]), [RV.] &c.

jana : the person nearest to the speaker (also with ayam or asau, ‘this my lover’, [Kāvyād. ii, 271]; [Ratnāv. i, 24/25]), [Nal. x, 10]; [Śak.]; [Mālav.]

jana : a common person, one of the people, [Kir. ii, 42] and [47]

jana : the world beyond the Mahar-loka, [BhP. iii, 11, 29]; [SkandaP.]

jana : janá (°ná), m. (g. aśvādi) N. of a man (with the patr. Śārkarākṣya), [ŚBr. x]; [ChUp.]

cit : cít mfn. ifc. ‘piling up’, see agni-, ūrdhva-, and pūrva-cít

cit : ([Pāṇ. iii, 2, 92]) forming a layer or stratum, piled up, [VS. i], [xii]; [TS. i] (cf. kaṅka-, karma-, cakṣuś-, droṇa-, prāṇa-, manaś-, rathacakra-, vāk-, śyena-, and śrotra-cít.)

cit : mfn. ifc. ‘knowing’, see ṛta-cít

cit : ‘giving heed to’ or ‘revenging [guilt, ṛṇa-]’, see ṛṇa-.

cit : mfn. ifc. ‘id.’, see 2. .

cit : 2. 3. . See √ 2. 3. ci.

cit : cl. 1. cétati (impf. acetat, [RV. vii, 95, 2]; p. cétat, [RV.]) cl. 2. (Ā. Pass. 3. sg. cité, [x, 143, 4]; p. f. instr. citantyā, [i, 129, 7]; Ā. citāna, [ix, 101, 11]; [VS. x, 1]) cl. 3. irreg. ciketati ([RV.]; Subj. ciketat, [RV.]; Impv. 2. sg. cikiddhi, [RV.]; p. cikitāná, [RV.]; perf. cikéta, [RV.] &c.; ciceta, [Vop. viii, 37]; 3. du. cetatur, [AV. iii, 22, 2]; Ā. and Pass. cikité, [RV.] &c.; 3. pl. °tre, [RV.]; for p. cikitvás See s.v.; Ā. Pass. cicite, [Bhaṭṭ. ii, 29]; aor. acetīt, [Vop. viii, 35]; Ā. Pass. áceti and céti, [RV.]; for acait See √ 2. ci; fut. 1st céttā, [i, 22, 5]) to perceive, fix the mind upon, attend to, be attentive, observe, take notice of (acc. or gen.), [RV.]; [SV.]; [AV.]; [Bhaṭṭ.]; to aim at, intend, design (with dat.), [RV. i, 131, 6]; [x, 38, 3]; to be anxious about, care for (acc. or gen.), [i], [ix f.]; to resolve, [iii, 53, 24]; [x, 55, 6]; to understand, comprehend, know (perf. often in the sense of pr.), [RV.]; [AV. vii, 2, 1] and [5, 5]; P. Ā. to become perceptible, appear, be regarded as, be known, [RV.]; [VS. x], [xv] : Caus. cetáyati, °te (2. pl. cetáyadhvam Subj. cetayat Impv. 2. du. cetayethām impf. ácetayat, [RV.]; 3. pl. citáyante, [RV.]; p. citáyat, [RV.] (eleven times); cetáyat, [x, 110, 8], &c.; Ā. cetayāna See s.v.) to cause to attend, make attentive, remind of [i, 131, 2] and [iv, 51, 3]; to cause to comprehend, instruct, teach, [RV.]; to observe, perceive, be intent upon, [RV.]; [MBh. xii, 9890]; [Kathās. xiii, 10]; Ā. (once P. [MBh. xviii, 74]) to form an idea in the mind, be conscious of, understand, comprehend, think, reflect upon, [TS. vi]; [ŚBr.]; [ChUp. vii, 5, 1]; [MBh.]; [BhP. viii, 1, 9]; [Prab.]; P. to have a right notion of, know, [MBh. iii, 14877]; P. ‘to recover consciousness’, awake, [Bhaṭṭ. viii, 123]; Ā. to remember, have consciousness of (acc.), [Pāṇ. iii, 2, 112], [Kāś.]; [Bādar. ii, 3, 18], Sch.; to appear, be conspicuous, shine, [RV.]; [TS. iii] : Desid. cíkitsati (fr. √ kit, [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 5]; [Dhātup. xxiii, 24]; exceptionally Ā. [MBh. xii, 12544]; Impv. °tsatu Subj. °tsāt aor. 2. sg. ácikitsīs, [AV.]; Pass. p. cikitsyamāna, [Suśr.]; [Pañcat.]) to have in view, aim at, be desirous, [AV. v, 11, 1]; [ix, 2, 3]; to care for, be anxious about, [vi], [x]; ([Pāṇ. iii, 1, 5]; [Siddh.]) to treat medically, cure, [KātyŚr. xxv]; [MBh. i], [xii]; [Suśr.]; [Pañcat.]; [Bhartṛ.]; to wish to appear, [RV. i, 123, 1]: Caus. of Desid. (fut. cikitsayiṣyati) to cure, [Mālav. iv, 4/5, 6 f.] : Intens. cekite (fr. √ 2. ci?, or for °tte, [RV. i, 53, 3] and [119, 3]; [ii, 34, 10]; p. cékitat, [ix, 111, 3]; Ā. cékitāna, [RV.] eight times) to appear, be conspicuous, shine, [RV.]

cit : cít mfn. ifc. ‘thinking’, see a-, duś-, manaś-, vipaś-, and huraś-cít

cit : cf. also apa-cit

cit : cít f. thought, intellect, spirit, soul, [VS. iv, 19]; [KapS.]; [Bhartṛ.]; [BhP.]

cit : cf. sa- and ā cít

cit : pure Thought (Brahma cf. [RTL. p. 34]), [Vedāntas.]; [Prab.]

cit : ind. only in comp.

cid : in comp. for cit.

cid : ind. even, indeed, also (often merely laying stress on a preceding word; requiring a preceding simple verb to be accentuated [[Pāṇ. viii, 1, 57]] as well as a verb following, if is preceded by an interrogative pron. [48]; in Class. only used after interrogative pronouns and adverbs to render them indefinite, and after jātu, q.v.), [RV.]; [VS.]; [AV.]

cid : like (added to the stem of a subst., e.g. agni-, rāja-), [Nir. i, 4]; [Pāṇ. viii, 2, 101]

cid : cid-cid or cid-ca or cid-u, as well as, both-and, [RV.]

ya : the 1st semivowel (corresponding to the vowels i and ī, and having the sound of the English y, in Bengal usually pronounced j).

ya : m. (in prosody) a bacchic (˘ ¯ ¯), [Piṅg.]

ya : the actual base of the relative pronoun in declension [cf. yád and Gk. ὅς, ἥ, ὅ].

ya : m. (in some senses fr. √ 1. yā, only, [L.]) a goer or mover

ya : wind

ya : joining

ya : restraining

ya : fame

ya : a carriage (?)

ya : barley

ya : light

ya : abandoning

uloka : uloká prob. a collateral form of loka, p. 906.

bṛhaspati : bṛ́has-páti m. (also written vṛh°-p°; fr. 3. bṛh + pati; cf. brahmaṇas-pati) ‘lord of prayer or devotion’, N. of a deity (in whom Piety and Religion are personified; he is the chief offerer of prayers and sacrifices, and therefore represented as the type of the priestly order, and the Purohita of the gods with whom he intercedes for men; in later times he is the god of wisdom and eloquence, to whom various works are ascribed; he is also regarded as son of Aṅgiras, husband of Tārā and father of Kaca, and sometimes identified with Vyāsa; in astronomy he is the regent of Jupiter and often identified with that planet), [RV.] &c., &c. (cf. [RTL. 215])

bṛhaspati : N. of a prince (great-grandson of Aśoka), [Buddh.]

bṛhaspati : of a king of Kaśmīra, [Rājat.]

bṛhaspati : of the author of a law-book, [IW. 203]; [302]

bṛhaspati : of a philosopher, [ib.] [120]

bṛhaspati : of other authors (also with miśra and ācārya cf. above), [Cat.]

bṛhaspati : (with āṅgirasa cf. above) N. of the author of [RV. x, 71]; [72]; [Anukr.]

devahūti : devá—hūti (°vá-), f. invocation of the gods, [RV.]; [AV.] &c. (also °tī, [BhP. ix, 24, 31])

devahūti : N. of a daughter of Manu Svayam-bhū and wife of Kardama, [BhP. ii, 7, 3] &c. (°tī, [iii, 21, 3]).

cakāra : ca—kāra m. the letter or sound ca.

cakāra : ca—kāra m. the particle ca, [Pāṇ. ii, 3, 72], [Kāś.]

kṛ : Ved. I) cl. 2. P. 2. sg. kárṣi du. kṛthás pl. kṛthá; Ā. 2. sg. kṛṣé; impf. 2. and 3. sg. ákar, 3. sg. rarely ákat ([ŚBr. iii], [xi]) ; 3. du. ákartām; pl. ákarma, ákarta (also, [BhP. ix]), ákran (aor., according to [Pāṇ. iv, 2, 80], [Kāś.]); Ā. ákri ([RV. x, 159, 4] and [174, 4]), ákṛthās ([RV. v, 30, 8]), ákṛta ([RV.]); akrātām ([ŚāṅkhŚr.]), ákrata ([RV.]; [AV.]) : Impv. kṛdhí (also, [MBh. i, 5141] and [BhP. viii]), kṛtám, kṛtá; Ā. kṛṣvá, kṛdhvám; Subj. 2. and 3. sg. kar pl. kárma, kárta and kartana, kran; Ā. 3. sg. kṛta ([RV. ix, 69, 5]), 3. pl. kránta ([RV. i, 141, 3]) : Pot. kriyāma ([RV. x, 32, 9]); pr. p. P. (nom. pl.) krántas Ā. krāṇá. II) cl. 1. P. kárasi, kárati, kárathas, káratas, káranti; Ā. kárase, kárate, kárāmahe: impf. ákaram, ákaras, ákarat (aor., according to [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 59]) : Impv. kára, káratam, káratām: Subj. káram, kárāṇi, káras, kárat, kárāma, káran; Ā. karāmahai; pr. p. f. kárantī ([Naigh.]) III) cl. 5. P. kṛṇómi, °ṇóṣi, °ṇóti, kṛṇuthás, kṛṇmás and kṛṇmasi, kṛṇuthá, kṛṇvánti; Ā. kṛṇvé, kṛṇuṣé, kṛṇuté, 3. du. kṛṇvaíte ([RV. vi, 25, 4]); pl. kṛṇmáhe, kṛṇváte: impf. ákṛṇos, ákṛṇot, ákṛṇutam, ákṛṇuta and °ṇotana ([RV. i, 110, 8]), ákṛṇvan; Ā. 3. sg. ákṛṇuta pl. ákṛṇudhvam, ákṛṇvata: Impv. kṛṇú or kṛṇuhí or kṛṇutā́t, kṛṇótu, kṛṇutám, kṛṇutā́m, 2. pl. kṛṇutá or kṛṇóta or kṛṇótana, 3. pl. kṛṇvántu; Ā. kṛṇuṣvá, kṛṇutā́m, kṛṇvā́thām, kṛṇudhvám: Subj. kṛṇávas, °ṇávat or °ṇávāt, kṛṇávāva, °ṇávāma, °ṇávātha, °ṇávatha, °ṇávan; Ā. kṛṇávai (once °ṇavā, [RV. x, 95, 2]), kṛṇavase (also, [ŚvetUp. ii, 7] v.l. °ṇvase), kṛṇavate, kṛṇávāvahai, kṛṇávāmahai, 3. pl. kṛṇávanta ([RV.]) or kṛṇavante or kṛṇvata ([RV.]) : Pot. Ā. kṛṇvītá; pr. p. P. kṛṇvát (f. °vatī́) Ā. kṛṇvāṇá. IV) cl. 8. (this is the usual formation in the Brāhmaṇas; Sūtras, and in classical Sanskṛt) P. karómi (ep. kurmi, [MBh. iii, 10943]; [R. ii, 12, 33]); kurvás, kuruthás, kurutás, kurmás [kulmas in an interpolation after, [RV. x, 128]], kuruthá, kurvánti; Ā. kurvé, &c., 3. pl. kurváte ([Pāṇ. vi, 4, 108]-[110]) : impf. akaravam, akaros, akarot, akurva, &c.; Ā. 3. sg. akuruta pl. akurvata: Impv. kuru, karotu (in the earlier language 2. and 3. sg. kurutāt, 3. sg. also, [BhP. vi, 4, 34]), kuruta or kurutana ([Nir. iv, 7]); Ā. kuruṣva, kurudhvam, kurvátām: Subj. karavāṇi, karavas, °vāt, °vāva or °vāvas ([Pāṇ. iii, 4, 98], [Kāś.]), °vāma or °vāmas ([ib.]), °vātha, °van; Ā. karavai, kuruthās, karavāvahai ([TUp.]; °he, [MBh. iii, 10762]), karavaithe, °vaite ([Pāṇ. iii, 4, 95], [Kāś.]), °vāmahai (°he, [MBh.]; [R. i, 18, 12]) : Pot. P. kuryām Ā. kurvīya ([Pāṇ. vi, 4, 109] and [110]); pr. p. P. kurvát (f. °vatī́); Ā. kurvāṇá: perf. P. cakā́ra, cakártha, cakṛvá, cakṛmá, cakrá ([Pāṇ. vii, 2, 13]); Ā. cakré, cakriré; p. cakṛvas (acc. cakrúṣam, [RV. x, 137, 1]); Ā. cakrāṇa ([Vop.]) : 2nd fut. kariṣyáti; Subj. 2. sg. kariṣyā́s ([RV. iv, 30, 23]); 1st fut. kártā: Prec. kriyāsam: aor. P. Ved. cakaram ([RV. iv, 42, 6]), acakrat ([RV. iv, 18, 12]), ácakriran ([RV. viii, 6, 20]); Ā. 1. sg. kṛske ([RV. x, 49, 7]); Class. akārṣīt ([Pāṇ. vii, 2, 1], [Kāś.]; once akāraṣīt, [BhP. i, 10, 1]); Pass. aor. reflex. akāri and akṛta ([Pāṇ. iii, 1, 62], [Kāś.]) : Inf. kártum, Ved. kártave, kártavaí, kártos (see ss.vv.); ind.p. kṛtvā́, Ved. kṛtvī́ [[RV.]] and kṛtvā́ya [[TS. iv], [v]]; to do, make, perform, accomplish, cause, effect, prepare, undertake, [RV.] &c.; to do anything for the advantage or injury of another (gen. or loc.), [MBh.]; [R.] &c.; to execute, carry out (as an order or command), [ib.]; to manufacture, prepare, work at, elaborate, build, [ib.]; to form or construct one thing out of another (abl. or instr.), [R. i, 2, 44]; [Hit.] &c.; to employ, use, make use of (instr.), [ŚvetUp.]; [Mn. x, 91]; [MBh.] &c.; to compose, describe, [R. i]; to cultivate, [Yājñ. ii, 158] (cf. [Mn. x, 114]); to accomplish any period, bring to completion, spend (e.g. varṣāṇi daśa cakruḥ, ‘they spent ten years’, [MBh. xv, 6]; kṣaṇaṃ kuru, ‘wait a moment’, [MBh.]; cf. kṛtakṣaṇa); to place, put, lay, bring, lead, take hold of (acc. or loc. or instr., e.g. ardháṃ-√ kṛ, to take to one's own side or party, cause to share in (gen.; see 2. ardhá); haste or pāṇau-√ kṛ, to take by the hand, marry, [Pāṇ. i, 4, 77]; hṛdayena-√ kṛ, to place in one's heart, love, [Mṛcch.]; hṛdi-√ kṛ, to take to heart, mind, think over, consider, [Rājat. v, 313]; manasi-√ kṛ id., [R. ii, 64, 8]; [Hcar.]; to determine, purpose [ind.p. °si-kṛtvā or °si-kṛtya] [Pāṇ. i, 4, 75]; vaśe-√ kṛ, to place in subjection, become master of [Mn. ii, 100]); to direct the thoughts, mind, &c. (mánas [[RV.]; [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.] or buddhim [[Nal. xxvi, 10]] or matim [[MBh.]; [R.]] or bhāvam [[ib.]], &c.) towards any object, turn the attention to, resolve upon, determine on (loc. dat. inf., or a sentence with iti, e.g. mā śoke manaḥ kṛthāḥ, do not turn your mind to grief, [Nal. xiv, 22] ; gamanāya matiṃ cakre, he resolved upon going, [R. i, 9, 55]; alābuṃ samutsraṣṭuṃ manaś cakre, he resolved to create a gourd, [MBh. iii, 8844]; draṣṭā tavāsmīti matiṃ cakāra, he determined to see him, [MBh. iii, 12335]); to think of (acc.), [R. i, 21, 14]; to make, render (with two acc., e.g. ādityaṃ kāṣṭhām akurvata, they made the sun their goal, [AitBr. iv, 7]), [RV.]; [ŚBr.] &c.; to procure for another, bestow, grant (with gen. or loc.), [RV.]; [VS.]; [ŚBr.] &c.; Ā. to procure for one's self, appropriate, assume, [ŚBr.]; [BṛĀrUp.]; [Mn. vii, 10] &c.; to give aid, help any one to get anything (dat.), [RV.]; [VS.]; to make liable to (dat.), [RV. iii, 41, 6]; [ŚBr. iv]; to injure, violate (e.g. kanyāṃ-√ kṛ, to violate a maiden), [Mn. viii, 367] and [369]; to appoint, institute, [ChUp.]; [Mn.]; to give an order, commission, [Mn.]; [R. ii, 2, 8]; to cause to get rid of, free from (abl. or -tas), [Pāṇ. v, 4, 49], [Kāś.]; to begin (e.g. cakre śobhayitum purīm, they began to adorn the city), [R. ii, 6, 10]; to proceed, act, put in practice, [VS.]; [ŚBr.]; [AitBr.] &c.; to worship, sacrifice, [RV.]; [ŚBr.]; [Mn. iii, 210]; to make a sound (svaram or śabdam, [MBh. iii, 11718]; [Pāṇ. iv, 4, 34]; [Hit.]), utter, pronounce (often ifc. with the sounds phaṭ, phut, bhāṇ, váṣaṭ, svadhā́, svā́hā, hiṃ), pronounce any formula ([Mn. ii, 74] and [xi, 33]); (with numeral adverbs ending in dhā) to divide, separate or break up into parts (e.g. dvidhā-√ kṛ, to divide into two parts, ind.p. dvidhā kṛtvā or dvidhā-kṛtya or -kāram, [Pāṇ. iii, 4, 62]; sahasradhā-√ kṛ, to break into a thousand pieces); (with adverbs ending in vat) to make like or similar, consider equivalent (e.g. rājyaṃ tṛṇa-vat kṛtvā, valuing the kingdom like a straw, [Vet.]); (with adverbs ending in sāt) to reduce anything to, cause to become, make subject (see ātma-sāt, bhasma-sāt), [Pāṇ. v, 4, 52 ff.] The above senses of √ may be variously modified or almost infinitely extended according to the noun with which this root is connected, as in the following examples: sakhyaṃ-√ kṛ, to contract friendship with; pūjāṃ-√ kṛ, to honour; rājyaṃ-√ kṛ, to reign; snehaṃ-√ kṛ, to show affection; ājñāṃ or nideśaṃ or śāsanaṃ or kāmaṃ or yācanāṃ or vacaḥ or vacanaṃ or vākyaṃ-√ kṛ, to perform any one's command or wish or request &c.; dharmaṃ-√ kṛ, to do one's duty, [Mn. vii, 136]; nakhāni-√ kṛ, ‘to clean one's nails’, see kṛta-nakha; udakaṃ [[Mn.]; [Yājñ.]; [R.]; [Daś.]] or salilaṃ [[R. i, 44, 49]] √ , to offer a libation of water to the dead; to perform ablutions; astrāṇi-√ kṛ, to practise the use of weapons, [MBh. iii, 11824]; darduraṃ-√ kṛ, to breathe the flute, [Pāṇ. iv, 4, 34]; daṇḍaṃ-√ kṛ, to inflict punishment &c., [Vet.]; kālaṃ-√ kṛ, to bring one's time to an end i.e. to die; ciraṃ-√ kṛ, to be long in doing anything, delay; manasā (for °si See above) √ , to place in one's mind, think of, meditate, [MBh.]; śirasā-√ kṛ, to place on the head; mūrdhnā-√ kṛ, to place on one's head, obey, honour. Very rarely in Veda ([AV. xviii, 2, 27]), but commonly in the Brāhmaṇas, Sūtras, and especially in classical Sanskṛt the perf. forms cakāra and cakre auxiliarily used to form the periphrastical perfect of verbs, especially of causatives, e.g. āsāṃ cakre, ‘he sat down’; gamayā́ṃ cakāra, ‘he caused to go’ [see, [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 40]; in Veda some other forms of √ are used in a similar way, viz. pr. karoti, [ŚāṅkhŚr.]; impf. akar, [MaitrS.] & [Kāṭh.]; 3. pl. akran, [MaitrS.] & [TBr.]; Prec. kriyāt, [MaitrS.] (see [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 42]); according to [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 41], also karotu with √ vid]. Caus. kārayati, °te, to cause to act or do, cause another to perform, have anything made or done by another (double acc., instr. and acc. [see [Pāṇ. i, 4, 53]], e.g. sabhāṃ kāritavān, he caused an assembly to be made, [Hit.]; rāja-darśanaṃ māṃ kāraya, cause me to have an audience of the king; vāṇijyaṃ kārayed vaiśyam, he ought to cause the Vaiśya to engage in trade, [Mn. viii, 410]; na śakṣyāmi kiṃcit kārayituṃ tvayā, I shall not be able to have anything done by thee, [MBh. ii, 6]); to cause to manufacture or form or cultivate, [Lāṭy.]; [Yājñ. ii, 158]; [MBh.] &c.; to cause to place or put, have anything placed, put upon, &c. (e.g. taṃ citrapaṭaṃ vāsa-gṛhe bhittāv akārayat, he had the picture placed on the wall in his house, [Kathās. v, 30]), [Mn. viii, 251]. Sometimes the Caus. of √ is used for the simple verb or without a causal signification (e.g. padaṃ kārayati, he pronounces a word, [Pāṇ. i, 3, 71], [Kāś.] ; mithyā k°, he pronounces wrongly, [ib.]; kaikeyīm anu rājānaṃ kāraya, treat or deal with Kaikeyī as the king does, [R. ii, 58, 16]) : Desid. cíkīrṣati (aor. 2. sg. acikīrṣīs, [ŚBr. iii]), ep. also °te, to wish to make or do, intend to do, design, intend, begin, strive after, [AV. xii, 4, 19]; [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.]; [Mn.] &c.; to wish to sacrifice or worship, [AV. v, 8, 3] : Intens. 3. pl. karikrati (pr. p. kárikrat See [Naigh. ii, 1] and [Pāṇ. vii, 4, 65]), to do repeatedly, [RV.]; [AV.]; [TS.]; Class. carkarti or carikarti or carīkarti [[Pāṇ. vii, 4, 92], [Kāś.]], also carkarīti or carikarīti or carīkarīti or cekrīyate [ib., Sch.; [Vop.]];

kṛ : [cf. Hib. caraim, ‘I perform, execute’; ceard, ‘an art, trade, business, function’; sucridh, ‘easy’; Old Germ. karawan, ‘to prepare’; Mod. Germ. gar, ‘prepared (as food)’; Lat. creo, ceremonia; κραίνω, κρόνος.]

kṛ : cl. 3. P. p. cakrát (Pot. 2. sg. cakriyās; aor. 1. sg. akārṣam [[AV. vii, 7, 1]] or akāriṣam [[RV. iv, 39, 6]]), to make mention of, praise, speak highly of (gen.), [RV.]; [AV.] : Intens. (1. sg. carkarmi, 1. pl. carkirāma, 3. pl. carkiran; Impv. 2. sg. carkṛtā́t and carkṛdhi; aor. 3. sg. Ā. cárkṛṣe) id., [RV.]; [AV.] (cf. kārú, kīrí, kīrtí.)

kṛ : to injure, &c. See √ 2. kṝ.

kṛ : 2. kṝ (or v.l. ) cl. 5. 9.P. Ā. kṛṇoti, °ṇute, °ṇāti, °ṇīte, to hurt, injure, kill, [Dhātup.]; [Vop. xvi, 2]; kṛṇváti, [Naigh. ii, 19.]

han : cl. 2. P. ([Dhātup. xxiv, 2]) hanti (3. du. hatáḥ, 3. pl. ghnanti; rarely Ā. hate, 3. pl. ghnate; and cl. 1. hanati, Ved. also jighnate, °ti; Pot. hanyāt, [Br.] also hánīta, ghnīta; Impv. jahí, [TĀr.] handhí; impf. áhan, Ved. and ep. also ahanat, ahanan, aghnanta; p. jaghnat, ghnamāna, [MBh.]; pf. jaghā́na, jaghnúḥ, [Br.] and ep. also jaghne, °nire, Subj. jaghánat, [RV.]; p. jaghnivás, Ved. also jaghanvas; aor. ahānīt, [JaimBr.] [cf. √ vadh]; fut. hantā, [MBh.]; haṃsyati, [ib.]; haniṣyáti, °te, [AV.] &c.; inf. hántum, Ved. also hántave, °tavaí, °toḥ; ind.p. hatvā́, Ved. also °tvī́, °tvāya, -hatya; -hanya, [MBh.]; -ghā́tam, [Br.] &c.), to strike, beat (also a drum), pound, hammer (acc.), strike &c. upon (loc.), [RV.] &c. &c.; to smite, slay, hit, kill, mar, destroy, [ib.]; to put to death, cause to be executed, [Mn.]; [Hit.]; to strike off, [Kathās.]; to ward off, avert, [MBh.]; to hurt, wound (the heart), [R.]; to hurl (a dart) upon (gen.), [RV.]; (in astron.) to touch, come into contact, [VarBṛS.]; to obstruct, hinder, [Rājat.]; to repress, give up, abandon (anger, sorrow &c.), [Kāv.]; [BhP.]; (?) to go, move, [Naigh. ii, 14] : Pass. hanyáte (ep. also °ti; aor. avadhi or aghāni), to be struck or killed, [RV.] &c. &c.: Caus. ghātayati, °te (properly a Nom. fr. ghāta, q.v.; aor. ajīghatat or ajīghanat), to cause to be slain or killed, kill, slay, put to death, punish, [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.; to notify a person's death (kaṃsaṃ ghātayati = kaṃsa-vadham ācaṣṭe), [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 26], Vārtt. 6 [Pat.]; to mar, destroy, [MBh.]; [Pañcat.] (v.l.) : Desid. jíghāṃsati, °te (Pot. jighāṃsīyat, [MBh.]; impf. ajighāṃsīḥ, [ŚBr.]), to wish to kill or destroy, [RV.] &c. &c.: Intens. jáṅghanti ([RV.]; p. jaṅghanat, jáṅghnat or ghánighnat), jaṅghanyate (with pass. sense, [MuṇḍUp.]), jeghnīyate ([Pāṇ. vii, 4, 31]), to strike = tread upon (loc. or acc.), [RV.]; to slay, kill, [ib.]; to dispel (darkness), destroy (evil, harm), [ib.]; to hurt, injure, wound, [MuṇḍUp.]

han : [cf. Gk. θείνω, θάνατος; ϕόνος, ἔπεϕνον πέϕαται; Lat. de-fendere, of-fendere; Lit. genu, gíti; Slav. gǔnati.]

han : mf(GnI)n. killing, a killer, slayer (only ifc.; see ari-, tamo-han &c.)

vṛtra : vṛtrá m. (only once in [TS.]) or n. (mostly in pl.) ‘coverer, investor, restrainer’, an enemy, foe, hostile host, [RV.]; [TS.]

vṛtra : vṛtrá m. N. of the Vedic personification of an imaginary malignant influence or demon of darkness and drought (supposed to take possession of the clouds, causing them to obstruct the clearness of the sky and keep back the waters; Indra is represented as battling with this evil influence in the pent up clouds poetically pictured as mountains or castles which are shattered by his thunderbolt and made to open their receptacles [cf. esp. [RV. i, 31]]; as a Dānava, Vṛtra is a son of Tvaṣṭṛ, or of Danu q.v., and is often identified with Ahi, the serpent of the sky, and associated with other evil spirits, such as Śuṣṇa, Namuci, Pipru, Śambara, Uraṇa, whose malignant influences are generally exercised in producing darkness or drought), [RV.] &c. &c.

vṛtra : a thunder-cloud, [RV. iv, 10, 5] (cf. [Naigh. i, 10])

vṛtra : darkness, [L.]

vṛtra : a wheel, [L.]

vṛtra : a mountain, [L.]

vṛtra : N. of a partic. mountain, [L.]

vṛtra : a stone, [KātyŚr.], Sch.

vṛtra : N. of Indra (?), [L.]

vṛtra : vṛtrá n. wealth (= dhana), [L.] (v.l. vitta)

vṛtra : sound, noise (= dhvani), [L.]

vi : ví m. (nom. vís or vés acc. vím gen. abl. vés; pl. nom. acc. váyas [acc. vīn, [Bhaṭṭ.]]; víbhis, víbhyas, vīnā́m) a bird (also applied to horses, arrows, and the Maruts), [RV.]; [VS.]; [PañcavBr.], (also occurring in later language).

vi : [cf. 1. váyas; Gk. οἰωνός for ὀϝιωνος; Lat. a-vis; accord. to some Germ. Ei; Angl.Sax. ǽg; Eng. egg.]

vi : n. an artificial word said to be = anna, [ŚBr.]

vi : ví ind. (prob. for an original dvi, meaning ‘in two parts’; and opp. to sam, q.v.) apart, asunder, in different directions, to and fro, about, away, away from, off, without, [RV.] &c. &c. In [RV.] it appears also as a prep. with acc. denoting ‘through’ or ‘between’ (with ellipse of the verb, e.g. [i, 181, 5]; [x, 86, 20] &c.) It is esp. used as a prefix to verbs or nouns and other parts of speech derived from verbs, to express ‘division’, ‘distinction’, ‘distribution’, ‘arrangement’, ‘order’, ‘opposition’, or ‘deliberation’ (cf. vi-√ bhid, -śiṣ, -dhā, -rudh, -car, with their nominal derivatives)

vi : sometimes it gives a meaning opposite to the idea contained in the simple root (e.g. √ krī, ‘to buy’; vi-√ krī, ‘to sell’), or it intensifies that idea (e.g. √ hiṃs, ‘to injure’; vi-√ hiṃs, ‘to injure severely’). The above 3. ví may also be used in forming compounds not immediately referable to verbs, in which cases it may express ‘difference’ (cf. 1. vi-lakṣaṇa), ‘change’ or ‘variety’ (cf. vi-citra), ‘intensity’ (cf. vi-karāla), ‘manifoldness’ (cf. vi-vidha), ‘contrariety’ (cf. vi-loma), ‘deviation from right’ (cf. vi-śīla), ‘negation’ or ‘privation’ (cf. vi-kaccha, being often used like 3. a, nir, and nis [qq.vv.], and like the Lat. dis, se, and the English a, dis, in, un &c.)

vi : in some cases it does not seem to modify the meaning of the simple word at all (cf. vi-jāmi, vi-jāmātṛ)

vi : it is also used to form proper names out of other proper names (e.g. vi-koka, vi-pṛthu, vi-viṃśa). To save space such words are here mostly collected under one article

vi : but words having several subordinate compounds will be found s.v.

puraḥ : in comp. for puras.

pur : púr f. (√ pṝ) only instr. pl. pūrbhís, in abundance, abundantly, [RV. v, 66, 4.]

pur : cl. 6. P. purati, to precede, go before, lead, [Dhātup. xxviii, 56] (prob. invented to furnish an etymology for puras and purā below).

pur : púr f. (in nom. sg. and before consonants pūr) a rampart, wall, stronghold, fortress, castle, city, town (also of demons), [RV.] &c. &c.

pur : the body (considered as the stronghold of the puruṣa, q.v.), [BhP.]

pur : the intellect (= mahat), [VP.]

pur : N. of a Daśa-rātra, [KātyŚr.] [Perhaps fr. √ pṝ and orig. identical with 1. ; cf. Gk., πόλις]

dṛ : cl. 6. Ā. driyáte (ep. also °ti), to respect, honour ([Dhātup. xxviii, 118]); occurring only with prep. ā cf. ā-√ dṛ; Desid. didariṣate, [Pāṇ. vii, 2, 75.]

ji : cl. 1. jáyati, °te (impf. ájayat; aor. ajaiṣīt, Ved. ájais, 1. pl. ájaiṣma, jéṣma, 2. sg. jes and Ā. jéṣi Subj. jéṣat, °ṣas, °ṣāma, [RV.]; aor. Ā. ajeṣṭa; fut. 1st. jétā, [RV.] &c.; fut. 2nd. jeṣyáti, [x, 34, 6] &c.; pf. jigā́ya [[Pāṇ. vii, 3, 57]], jigetha, jigyur; p. jigīvás [°givás, [TS. i, 7, 8, 4]; acc. pl. °gyúṣas] [RV.] &c.; Inf. jiṣé, [i, 111, 4] and [112, 12]; jétave, [TBr. ii]; Class. jetum: Pass. jīyate, ajīyata [[Ragh. xi, 65]], ajāyi, jāyiṣyate; for jī́yate and cl. 9. jinā́ti See √ jyā) to win or acquire (by conquest or in gambling), conquer (in battle), vanquish (in a game or lawsuit), defeat, excel, surpass, [RV.] &c. (with púnar, ‘to reconquer’, [TS. vi, 3, 1, 1]); to conquer (the passions), overcome or remove (any desire or difficulties or diseases), [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.; to expel from (abl.), [ŚBr. iii, 6, 1, 17]; to win anything (acc.) from (acc.), vanquish anyone (acc.) in a game (acc.), [ŚBr. iii, 6, 1, 28]; [xiv, 6, 8, 1] and [12]; [MBh. iii]; [Daś.]; [Pāṇ. i, 4, 51]; [Siddh.]; to be victorious, gain the upper hand, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr. iii]; [MuṇḍUp.]; [Mn. vii, 201]; [MBh.]; often pr. in the sense of an Impv. ‘long live!’ ‘glory to’, [Śak.]; [VarBṛS.]; [Laghuj.]; [Bhartṛ.] &c.: Caus. jāpayati ([Pāṇ. vi, 1, 48] and [vii, 3, 36]) to cause to win, [VS. ix, 11 f.]; (aor. 2. pl. ájījipata and ájījap°), [TS. i, 7, 8, 4] and [ŚBr. v, 1, 5, 11 f.]; [ĀśvŚr. ix, 9]; to conquer, [MBh. vii, 66, 6] (aor. ajījayat) : Pass. jāpyate, to be made to conquer, [W.] : Desid. jígīṣati, °te ([Pāṇ. vii, 3, 57]; p. °ṣat, °ṣamāṇa) to wish to win or obtain or conquer or excel, [AV. xi, 5, 18]; [TS. ii]; [ŚBr.]; [ŚāṅkhŚr.]; [MBh.] &c.; (Ā.) to seek for prey, [RV. x, 4, 3] : Intens. jejīyate, [Pāṇ. vii, 3, 57], [Kāś.]

ji : mfn. conquering, [L.]

ji : m. a Piśāca, [L.]

śatru : śátru m. (said to be for śat-tru, fr. √ 2. śad), ‘overthrower’, an enemy, foe, rival, a hostile king (esp. a neighbouring king as a natural enemy), [RV.] &c. &c.

śatru : the 6th astrological mansion,[VarYogay.]

śatru : Asparagus Racemosus, [L.]

śatru : N. of an Asura, [MBh. i, 2543] (perhaps krodha-śatru as one word).

śatru : [cf. Gk., κότος, κοτέω; Germ. Hader, Hass, hassen; Eng. hate.]

amitra : amítra mf(A) (fr. √ am [[Uṇ. iv, 173]] or perhaps a-mítra, not a friend [[Pāṇ. vi, 2, 116], ‘not having a friend’], but See abhyamitrīṇa, &c.) an enemy, adversary, foe, [RV.] &c.

amitra : amítra mfn. not having a friend.

pṛtsu : loc. of pṛt in comp.

pṛt : f. (only in loc. pl. pṛtsú, in one place [[i, 129, 4]] pṛtsúṣu, [RV.]; but according to [Vop.] also in other cases, viz. pṛtas, pṛtā, pṛdbhyām) battle, contest, strife.

sah : cl. 1. Ā. ([Dhātup. xx, 22]) sáhate (Ved. and ep. also °ti and exceptionally sāhati, once in [MBh.] 1. sg. sahyāmi; p. sáhat, sáhamāna [q.v.]; pf. sehe, sasāha; Ved. also sasāhé or sasahé and sāsā́ha; sāsáhat; sāsahīṣṭā́ḥ, sāsahyā́ma; p. sehāná, sāsahāná, sāsahvás or sasahvás and sāhvás [q.v.]; aor. asākṣi, sākṣi, sākṣate, [RV.]; sākṣīt, [GopBr.]; sakṣati, [AV.]; sakṣat, sā́kṣāma, [RV.]; Impv. sakṣi, sākṣva or sakṣva, [ib.]; p. sákṣat, [ib.]; ásahisṭa, [RV.]; Prec. sahyās, sāhyā́ma, [ib.]; sākṣīya, [AV.]; sāhiṣīmáhi or sahiṣīmáhi, [RV.]; fut. soḍhā, [MBh.] &c.; sahitā Gr.; sakṣyati, [MBh.], °te, [Br.]; sākṣye [?] [AV.]; -sahiṣyati, °te, [MBh.]; Cond. asahiṣyat, [ib.]; inf. sáhadhyai, [RV.]; [Kāṭh.]; sā́ḍhyai, [MaitrS.]; soḍhum, sahitum, [MBh.]; ind.p. soḍhvā, [ĀpŚr.], Sch.; sādhvā, sahitvā Gr.; -sáhya, [RV.] &c.; sáham, [Br.]), to prevail, be victorious; to overcome, vanquish, conquer, defeat (enemies), gain, win (battles), [RV.]; [AV.]; [Br.]; [R.]; [Bhaṭṭ.]; to offer violence to (acc.), [AitBr.]; [ŚBr.] ; to master, suppress, restrain, [MBh.]; [R.] &c.; to be able to or capable of (inf. or loc.), [ib.]; to bear up against, resist, withstand, [AV.] &c. &c.; to bear, put up with, endure, suffer, tolerate (with na, ‘to grudge’), [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c.; to be lenient towards, have patience with any one (gen.), [Bhag.]; to spare any one, [MārkP.]; [Pañcat.]; to let pass, approve anything, [Sarvad.]; (with kalam, kala-kṣepam &c.) to bide or wait patiently for the right time, [Kāv.]; [Kathās.] : Caus. or cl. 10. sāhayati (aor. asīṣahat), to forbear, [Dhātup. xxxiv, 4] : Desid. of Caus. sisāhayiṣati, [Pāṇ. viii, 3, 62] ? : Desid. sī́kṣate (p. sī́kṣat; accord. to [Pāṇ. viii, 3, 61], also sisahiṣate), to wish to overcome, [RV.]; [TS.] : Intens. sāsahyate, sāsoḍhi (cf. sāsahí or sasahí) Gr. [cf. sahas and ἴσχω for σι-σχω; ἔχω, ἔ-σχον.]

sah : (strong form sāh) mfn. bearing, enduring, overcoming (ifc.; see abhimāti-ṣā́h &c.)

sah : cl. 4. P. sahyati, to satisfy, delight, [Dhātup. xxvi, 20]; to be pleased, [ib.]; to bear, endure (cf. √ 1. ), [ib.]