punar : púnar ind. back, home, in an opposite direction, [RV.] &c. &c. (with √ 1. gam, yā, to go back or away; with √ dā, to give back, restore; with √ bhū, to turn round; with √ as and dat., to fall back upon)

punar : again, once more (also with bhūyas), [ib.] (with √ bhū, to exist again, be renewed, become a wife again, re-marry)

punar : again and again, repeatedly, [ib.] (mostly púnaḥ p° which with na = nevermore)

punar : further, moreover, besides, [ib.] (also punar aparam; ādau-punar-paścāt, at first-then-later)

punar : however, still, nevertheless, [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c. (at the end of a verse it lays stress on a preceding atha vā, api vā, or vā alone; punar api, even again, on the other hand, also; kadā p°, at any time, ever; kim p°, how much more or less? however; — , now — now; at one time — at another time).

ena : a pronom. base (used for certain cases of the 3rd personal pronoun, thus in the acc. sing. du. pl. [enam, enām, enad, &c.], inst. sing. [enena, enayā] gen. loc. du. [enayos, Ved. enos]; the other cases are formed fr. the pronom. base a See under idam), he, she, it

ena : this, that, (this pronoun is enclitic and cannot begin a sentence; it is generally used alone, so that enam puruṣam, ‘that man’, would be very unusual if not incorrect. Grammarians assert that the substitution of enam &c. for imam or etam &c. takes place when something is referred to which has already been mentioned in a previous part of the sentence; see [Gr. 223] and [836])

ena : [cf. Gk. ἕν, οἷος; Goth. ains; Old Pruss. ains; Lat. oinos, unus.]

ena : and enā, Ved. instr. of idam, q.v.

ena : (cf. eṇa), a stag. See an-ena.

ni : ní ind. down, back, in, into, within (except, [AV. x, 8, 7] always prefixed either to verbs or to nouns; in the latter case it has also the meaning of negation or privation [cf. ‘down-hearted’ = heartless]; sometimes w.r. for nis)

ni : it may also express kṣepa, dāna, upa-rama, ā-śraya, mokṣa &c., [L.]

ni : [cf. Zd. ni; Gk. ἐ-νί; Slav. ni-zu; Germ., ni-dar, ni-der, nieder; Angl.Sax. ni-ther, Eng. ne-ther, be-neath.]

ni : (for nī) mfn. See ṛta-ní.

ni : (in music) the 7th note (for niṣadha).

vṛt : vṛ́t (ifc.; for 2. See p. 1009, col. 2) surrounding, enclosing, obstructing (see arṇo- and nadī-vṛt)

vṛt : a troop of followers or soldiers, army, host, [RV.]

vṛt : cl. 1. Ā. ([Dhātup. xviii, 19]) vártate (rarely °ti; in Veda also vavartti and [once in [RV.]] vartti; Subj. vavártat, vavartati, vavṛtat; Pot. vavṛtyāt, vavṛtīya; Impv. vavṛtsva; impf. ávavṛtran, °tranta; pf. vavárta, vavṛtús, vavṛté, [RV.] [here also vāvṛté] &c. &c.; aor. avart, avṛtran Subj. vártat, vartta, [RV.]; avṛtat, [AV.] &c. &c.; avartiṣṭa Gr.; 3. pl. avṛtsata, [RV.]; 2. sg. vartithās, [MBh.]; Prec. vartiṣīṣṭa Gr.; fut. vartitā Gr.; vartsyáti, °te, [AV.] &c.; vartiṣyati, °te, [MBh.] &c.; Cond. avartsyat, [Br.]; avartiṣyata Gr.; inf. -vṛ́te, [RV.]; -vṛ́tas, [Br.]; vartitum, [MBh.] &c.; ind.p. vartitvā and vṛttvā Gr.; -vṛ́tya, [RV.] &c. &c.; -vártam, [Br.] &c.), to turn, turn round, revolve, roll (also applied to the rolling down of tears), [RV.] &c. &c.; to move or go on, get along, advance, proceed (with instr. ‘in a partic. way or manner’), take place, occur, be performed, come off, [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.; to be, live, exist, be found, remain, stay, abide, dwell (with ātmani na, ‘to be not in one's right mind’; with manasi or hṛdaye, ‘to dwell or be turned or thought over in the mind’; with mūrdhni, ‘to be at the head of’, ‘to be of most importance’; kathaṃ vartate with nom. or kiṃ vartate with gen., ‘how is it with?’), [ib.]; to live on, subsist by (instr. or ind.p.), [ĀśvGṛ.]; [MBh.] &c.; to pass away (as time, ciraṃ vartate gatānām, ‘it is long since we went’), [BhP.]; to depend on (loc.), [R.]; to be in a partic. condition, be engaged in or occupied with (loc.), [Āpast.]; [MBh.] &c. ; to be intent on, attend to (dat.), [R.]; to stand or be used in the sense of (loc.), [Kāś.]; to act, conduct one's self, behave towards (loc. dat., or acc.; also with itaretaram or parasparam, ‘mutually’), [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.; to act or deal with, follow a course of conduct (also with vṛttim), show, display, employ, use, act in any way (instr. or acc.) towards (loc. with parājñayā, ‘to act under another's command’; with prajā-rūpeṇa, ‘to assume the form of a son’; with priyám, ‘to act kindly’; with svāni, ‘to mind one's own business’; kim idam vartase, ‘what are you doing there?’), [ŚBr.]; [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.; to tend or turn to, prove as (dat.), [Śukas.]; to be or exist or live at a partic. time, be alive or present (cf. vartamāna, vartiṣyamāṇa, and vartsyat, p. 925), [MBh.] &c. &c.; to continue (with an ind.p., atītya vartante, ‘they continue to excel’; iti vartate me buddhiḥ, ‘such continues my opinion’), [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c.; to hold good, continue in force, be supplied from what precedes, [Pat.], [Kāś.]; to originate, arise from (abl.) or in (loc.), [BhP.]; to become, [TBr.]; to associate with (saha), [Pañcat.]; to have illicit intercourse with (loc.), [R.] : Caus. vartáyati (aor. avīvṛtat or avavartat; in [TBr.] also Ā. avavarti; inf. vartayádhyai, [RV.]; Pass. vartyate, [Br.]), to cause to turn or revolve, whirl, wave, brandish, hurl, [RV.] &c. &c.; to produce with a turning-lathe, make anything round (as a thunderbolt, a pill &c.), [RV.]; [R.]; [Suśr.]; to cause to proceed or take place or be or exist, do, perform, accomplish, display, exhibit (feelings), raise or utter (a cry), shed (tears), [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c.; to cause to pass (as time), spend, pass, lead a life, live, subsist on or by (instr.), enter upon a course of conduct &c. (also with vṛttim or vṛttyā or vṛttena; with bhaikṣeṇa, ‘to live by begging’), conduct one's self, behave, [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.; to set forth, relate, recount, explain, declare, [MBh.]; [Hariv.]; [R.]; to begin to instruct (dat.), [ŚāṅkhGṛ.]; to understand, know, learn, [BhP.]; to treat, [Car.]; (in law, with śiras or śīrṣam) to offer one's self to be punished if another is proved innocent by an ordeal, [Viṣṇ.]; [Yājñ.]; ‘to speak’ or ‘to shine’ (bhāṣārthe or bhāsārthe), [Dhātup. xxxiii, 108] : Desid. vívṛtsati, °te ([RV.]; [Br.]), vivartiṣate ([Pāṇ. i, 3, 92]), to wish to turn &c.: Intens. (Ved., rarely in later language) várvartti, varīvartti, varīvartyáte, varīvartate, p. várvṛtat and várvṛtāna impf. 3. sg. avarīvar, 3. pl. avarīvur (Gr. also varivartti, varīvṛtīti or varivṛtīti, varvṛtīti, varīvṛtyate), to turn, roll, revolve, be, exist, prevail, [RV.]; [ŚBr.]; [Kāv.]

vṛt : [cf. Lat. vertere; Slav. vrǔtěti, vratiti; Lith. vartýti; Goth. waírthan; Germ. werden; Eng. -ward.]

vṛt : mfn. (only ifc., for 1. See p. 1007, col. 2) turning, moving, existing

vṛt : (after numerals) = ‘fold’ (see eka-, tri-, su-vṛt)

vṛt : ind. finished, ended (a gram. term used only in the [Dhātup.] and signifying that a series of roots acted on by a rule and beginning with a root followed by ādi or prabhṛti, ends with the word preceding ).

vṛt : See √ vāvṛt, p. 947, col. 1.

punar : púnar ind. back, home, in an opposite direction, [RV.] &c. &c. (with √ 1. gam, yā, to go back or away; with √ dā, to give back, restore; with √ bhū, to turn round; with √ as and dat., to fall back upon)

punar : again, once more (also with bhūyas), [ib.] (with √ bhū, to exist again, be renewed, become a wife again, re-marry)

punar : again and again, repeatedly, [ib.] (mostly púnaḥ p° which with na = nevermore)

punar : further, moreover, besides, [ib.] (also punar aparam; ādau-punar-paścāt, at first-then-later)

punar : however, still, nevertheless, [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c. (at the end of a verse it lays stress on a preceding atha vā, api vā, or vā alone; punar api, even again, on the other hand, also; kadā p°, at any time, ever; kim p°, how much more or less? however; — , now — now; at one time — at another time).

ena : a pronom. base (used for certain cases of the 3rd personal pronoun, thus in the acc. sing. du. pl. [enam, enām, enad, &c.], inst. sing. [enena, enayā] gen. loc. du. [enayos, Ved. enos]; the other cases are formed fr. the pronom. base a See under idam), he, she, it

ena : this, that, (this pronoun is enclitic and cannot begin a sentence; it is generally used alone, so that enam puruṣam, ‘that man’, would be very unusual if not incorrect. Grammarians assert that the substitution of enam &c. for imam or etam &c. takes place when something is referred to which has already been mentioned in a previous part of the sentence; see [Gr. 223] and [836])

ena : [cf. Gk. ἕν, οἷος; Goth. ains; Old Pruss. ains; Lat. oinos, unus.]

ena : and enā, Ved. instr. of idam, q.v.

ena : (cf. eṇa), a stag. See an-ena.

ni : ní ind. down, back, in, into, within (except, [AV. x, 8, 7] always prefixed either to verbs or to nouns; in the latter case it has also the meaning of negation or privation [cf. ‘down-hearted’ = heartless]; sometimes w.r. for nis)

ni : it may also express kṣepa, dāna, upa-rama, ā-śraya, mokṣa &c., [L.]

ni : [cf. Zd. ni; Gk. ἐ-νί; Slav. ni-zu; Germ., ni-dar, ni-der, nieder; Angl.Sax. ni-ther, Eng. ne-ther, be-neath.]

ni : (for nī) mfn. See ṛta-ní.

ni : (in music) the 7th note (for niṣadha).

ā : the second vowel of the alphabet corresponding to the a in far.

ā : ind. a particle of reminiscence, [Pāṇ. i, 1, 14]; [Pat.]

ā : also of compassion or pain [more correctly written 1. ās, q.v.], and of assent, [L.] [This particle remains unaltered in orthography even before vowels (which causes it to be sometimes confounded with 1. ās), [Pāṇ. i, 1, 14.]]

ā : m. N. of Śiva, [L.]

ā : grandfather, [L.]

ā : f. N. of Lakṣmī, [L.]

ā : ā́ (as a prefix to verbs, especially of motion, and their derivatives) near, near to, towards (see ā-√ kram &c.; in the Veda, of course, the prefix is separable from the verb; in a few cases, [RV. i, 10, 11] and [v, 64, 5], a verb in the imperative is to be supplied; with roots like gam, yā, and i, ‘to go’, and 1. dā, ‘to give’, it reverses the action; e.g. ā-gacchati, ‘he comes’; ā-datte, ‘he takes’). (As a prep. with a preceding acc.) near to, towards, to, [RV.]

ā : (with a preceding noun in the acc., as jóṣam or váram) for, [RV.]

ā : (with a following acc.) up to … exclusively, [AitBr.]

ā : (with a preceding abl.) from, [RV.]; [AV.]

ā : out of, from among (e.g. bahúbhya ā́, ‘from among many’), [RV.]

ā : towards (only in asmád ā́, ‘towards us’), [RV.]

ā : (with a following abl. cf. [Pāṇ. ii, 1, 13] & [3, 10]) up to, to, as far as, [RV.]; [AV.] &c.

ā : from, [RV. i, 30, 21]

ā : (with a preceding loc.) in, at, on [RV.]; [AV.] (As an adv. after words expressing a number or degree) fully, really, indeed (e.g. trír ā́ divás, ‘quite or fully three times a day’; mahimā́ vām índrāgnī pániṣṭha ā́,, ‘your greatness, O Indra and Agni, is most praiseworthy indeed’, &c.), [RV.]

ā : (after a subst. or adj.) ‘as, like’, (or it simply strengthens the sense of the preceding word), [RV.], (after a verb), [RV. v, 7, 7]; [KenaUp.]

ā : (as a conjunctive particle) moreover, further, and (it is placed either between the two words connected [rarely after the second, [RV. x, 16, 11], or after both, [RV. x, 92, 8]] or, if there are more, after the last [[RV. iv, 57, 1] and [x, 75, 5]]; see also ātaś ca s.v.) In classical Sanskṛt it may denote the limit ‘to’, ‘until’, ‘as far as’, ‘from’, either not including the object named or including it (sometimes with acc. or abl. or forming an adv.) e.g. ā-maraṇam or ā-maraṇāt, ‘till death’, [Pañcat.] (cf. ā-maraṇānta &c.)

ā : ā-gopālā dvijātayaḥ, ‘the twice-born including the cowherds’, [MBh. ii, 531]

ā : ā-samudram or ā-samudrāt, ‘as far as the ocean’ or ‘from the ocean’ (but not including it)

ā : ā-kumāram, ‘from a child’ or ‘from childhood’ or ‘to a child’ (cf. Lat. a puero), [MBh. iii, 1403]

ā : ā-kumāram yaśaḥ pāṇineḥ, ‘the fame of Pāṇini extends even to children’

ā : ā́ ājānu-bāhu mfn. ‘one whose arms reach down to the knees’, [R. i, 1, 12]

ā : ā́ (see also ākarṇa- and ājanma-)

ā : ā́ (cf. ā-jarasám, ā-vyuṣám, ā-saptama, otsūryám.) Prefixed to adj. [rarely to subst.; cf. ā-kopa] it implies diminution, [Pāṇ. ii, 2, 18] Comm. ‘a little’ e.g. ā-piñjara mfn. a little red, reddish, [Ragh. xvi, 51]

ā : ā́ (see also ā-pakva, oṣṇa, &c.) Some commentaries (e.g. Comm. on [Ragh. iii, 8]) occasionally give to in this application the meaning samantāt, ‘all through, completely’, as ā-nīla, ‘blue all round’.

kuru : kúru m. pl. N. of a people of India and of their country (situated near the country of the Pañcālas; hence often connected with Pañcāla or Pañcāla [see kuru-pañc° below] : the uttara-kuravaḥ, or uttarāḥ kuravaḥ are the northern Kurus, the most northerly of the four Mahā-dvīpas or principal divisions of the known world [distinguished from the dakṣiṇāḥ kuravaḥ or southern Kurus, [MBh. i, 4346]], by other systems regarded as one of the nine divisions or Varṣas of the same; it was probably a country beyond the most northern range of the Himālaya, often described as a country of everlasting happiness [[AitBr.]; [MBh.] &c.], and considered by some to be the ancient home of the Āryan race)

kuru : = ṛtvijas (priests), [Naigh.]

kuru : = kartāras (‘doers’, fr. √ 1. kṛ) Comm. on [ChUp.]

kuru : N. of the ancestor of the Kurus (son of Saṃvaraṇa and Tapatī, daughter of the sun [[MBh. i, 3738 ff.]; [Hariv. 1799] &c.]; Kuru is the ancestor of both Pāṇḍu and Dhṛtarāṣṭra, though the patronymic derived from his name is usually applied only to the sons of the latter, the sons and descendants of the former being called Pāṇḍavas)

kuru : N. of a son of Āgnīdhra and grandson of Priya-vrata, [VP.]; [BhP.]

kuru : boiled rice, [L.]

kuru : the plant Solanum Jacquini (= kaṇṭakārikā), [L.]

kuru : kúru (ūs), f. a princess of the Kuru race, [Pāṇ. iv, 1, 66] & [176] (cf. kaurava, &c.)

kṛ : Ved. I) cl. 2. P. 2. sg. kárṣi du. kṛthás pl. kṛthá; Ā. 2. sg. kṛṣé; impf. 2. and 3. sg. ákar, 3. sg. rarely ákat ([ŚBr. iii], [xi]) ; 3. du. ákartām; pl. ákarma, ákarta (also, [BhP. ix]), ákran (aor., according to [Pāṇ. iv, 2, 80], [Kāś.]); Ā. ákri ([RV. x, 159, 4] and [174, 4]), ákṛthās ([RV. v, 30, 8]), ákṛta ([RV.]); akrātām ([ŚāṅkhŚr.]), ákrata ([RV.]; [AV.]) : Impv. kṛdhí (also, [MBh. i, 5141] and [BhP. viii]), kṛtám, kṛtá; Ā. kṛṣvá, kṛdhvám; Subj. 2. and 3. sg. kar pl. kárma, kárta and kartana, kran; Ā. 3. sg. kṛta ([RV. ix, 69, 5]), 3. pl. kránta ([RV. i, 141, 3]) : Pot. kriyāma ([RV. x, 32, 9]); pr. p. P. (nom. pl.) krántas Ā. krāṇá. II) cl. 1. P. kárasi, kárati, kárathas, káratas, káranti; Ā. kárase, kárate, kárāmahe: impf. ákaram, ákaras, ákarat (aor., according to [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 59]) : Impv. kára, káratam, káratām: Subj. káram, kárāṇi, káras, kárat, kárāma, káran; Ā. karāmahai; pr. p. f. kárantī ([Naigh.]) III) cl. 5. P. kṛṇómi, °ṇóṣi, °ṇóti, kṛṇuthás, kṛṇmás and kṛṇmasi, kṛṇuthá, kṛṇvánti; Ā. kṛṇvé, kṛṇuṣé, kṛṇuté, 3. du. kṛṇvaíte ([RV. vi, 25, 4]); pl. kṛṇmáhe, kṛṇváte: impf. ákṛṇos, ákṛṇot, ákṛṇutam, ákṛṇuta and °ṇotana ([RV. i, 110, 8]), ákṛṇvan; Ā. 3. sg. ákṛṇuta pl. ákṛṇudhvam, ákṛṇvata: Impv. kṛṇú or kṛṇuhí or kṛṇutā́t, kṛṇótu, kṛṇutám, kṛṇutā́m, 2. pl. kṛṇutá or kṛṇóta or kṛṇótana, 3. pl. kṛṇvántu; Ā. kṛṇuṣvá, kṛṇutā́m, kṛṇvā́thām, kṛṇudhvám: Subj. kṛṇávas, °ṇávat or °ṇávāt, kṛṇávāva, °ṇávāma, °ṇávātha, °ṇávatha, °ṇávan; Ā. kṛṇávai (once °ṇavā, [RV. x, 95, 2]), kṛṇavase (also, [ŚvetUp. ii, 7] v.l. °ṇvase), kṛṇavate, kṛṇávāvahai, kṛṇávāmahai, 3. pl. kṛṇávanta ([RV.]) or kṛṇavante or kṛṇvata ([RV.]) : Pot. Ā. kṛṇvītá; pr. p. P. kṛṇvát (f. °vatī́) Ā. kṛṇvāṇá. IV) cl. 8. (this is the usual formation in the Brāhmaṇas; Sūtras, and in classical Sanskṛt) P. karómi (ep. kurmi, [MBh. iii, 10943]; [R. ii, 12, 33]); kurvás, kuruthás, kurutás, kurmás [kulmas in an interpolation after, [RV. x, 128]], kuruthá, kurvánti; Ā. kurvé, &c., 3. pl. kurváte ([Pāṇ. vi, 4, 108]-[110]) : impf. akaravam, akaros, akarot, akurva, &c.; Ā. 3. sg. akuruta pl. akurvata: Impv. kuru, karotu (in the earlier language 2. and 3. sg. kurutāt, 3. sg. also, [BhP. vi, 4, 34]), kuruta or kurutana ([Nir. iv, 7]); Ā. kuruṣva, kurudhvam, kurvátām: Subj. karavāṇi, karavas, °vāt, °vāva or °vāvas ([Pāṇ. iii, 4, 98], [Kāś.]), °vāma or °vāmas ([ib.]), °vātha, °van; Ā. karavai, kuruthās, karavāvahai ([TUp.]; °he, [MBh. iii, 10762]), karavaithe, °vaite ([Pāṇ. iii, 4, 95], [Kāś.]), °vāmahai (°he, [MBh.]; [R. i, 18, 12]) : Pot. P. kuryām Ā. kurvīya ([Pāṇ. vi, 4, 109] and [110]); pr. p. P. kurvát (f. °vatī́); Ā. kurvāṇá: perf. P. cakā́ra, cakártha, cakṛvá, cakṛmá, cakrá ([Pāṇ. vii, 2, 13]); Ā. cakré, cakriré; p. cakṛvas (acc. cakrúṣam, [RV. x, 137, 1]); Ā. cakrāṇa ([Vop.]) : 2nd fut. kariṣyáti; Subj. 2. sg. kariṣyā́s ([RV. iv, 30, 23]); 1st fut. kártā: Prec. kriyāsam: aor. P. Ved. cakaram ([RV. iv, 42, 6]), acakrat ([RV. iv, 18, 12]), ácakriran ([RV. viii, 6, 20]); Ā. 1. sg. kṛske ([RV. x, 49, 7]); Class. akārṣīt ([Pāṇ. vii, 2, 1], [Kāś.]; once akāraṣīt, [BhP. i, 10, 1]); Pass. aor. reflex. akāri and akṛta ([Pāṇ. iii, 1, 62], [Kāś.]) : Inf. kártum, Ved. kártave, kártavaí, kártos (see ss.vv.); ind.p. kṛtvā́, Ved. kṛtvī́ [[RV.]] and kṛtvā́ya [[TS. iv], [v]]; to do, make, perform, accomplish, cause, effect, prepare, undertake, [RV.] &c.; to do anything for the advantage or injury of another (gen. or loc.), [MBh.]; [R.] &c.; to execute, carry out (as an order or command), [ib.]; to manufacture, prepare, work at, elaborate, build, [ib.]; to form or construct one thing out of another (abl. or instr.), [R. i, 2, 44]; [Hit.] &c.; to employ, use, make use of (instr.), [ŚvetUp.]; [Mn. x, 91]; [MBh.] &c.; to compose, describe, [R. i]; to cultivate, [Yājñ. ii, 158] (cf. [Mn. x, 114]); to accomplish any period, bring to completion, spend (e.g. varṣāṇi daśa cakruḥ, ‘they spent ten years’, [MBh. xv, 6]; kṣaṇaṃ kuru, ‘wait a moment’, [MBh.]; cf. kṛtakṣaṇa); to place, put, lay, bring, lead, take hold of (acc. or loc. or instr., e.g. ardháṃ-√ kṛ, to take to one's own side or party, cause to share in (gen.; see 2. ardhá); haste or pāṇau-√ kṛ, to take by the hand, marry, [Pāṇ. i, 4, 77]; hṛdayena-√ kṛ, to place in one's heart, love, [Mṛcch.]; hṛdi-√ kṛ, to take to heart, mind, think over, consider, [Rājat. v, 313]; manasi-√ kṛ id., [R. ii, 64, 8]; [Hcar.]; to determine, purpose [ind.p. °si-kṛtvā or °si-kṛtya] [Pāṇ. i, 4, 75]; vaśe-√ kṛ, to place in subjection, become master of [Mn. ii, 100]); to direct the thoughts, mind, &c. (mánas [[RV.]; [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.] or buddhim [[Nal. xxvi, 10]] or matim [[MBh.]; [R.]] or bhāvam [[ib.]], &c.) towards any object, turn the attention to, resolve upon, determine on (loc. dat. inf., or a sentence with iti, e.g. mā śoke manaḥ kṛthāḥ, do not turn your mind to grief, [Nal. xiv, 22] ; gamanāya matiṃ cakre, he resolved upon going, [R. i, 9, 55]; alābuṃ samutsraṣṭuṃ manaś cakre, he resolved to create a gourd, [MBh. iii, 8844]; draṣṭā tavāsmīti matiṃ cakāra, he determined to see him, [MBh. iii, 12335]); to think of (acc.), [R. i, 21, 14]; to make, render (with two acc., e.g. ādityaṃ kāṣṭhām akurvata, they made the sun their goal, [AitBr. iv, 7]), [RV.]; [ŚBr.] &c.; to procure for another, bestow, grant (with gen. or loc.), [RV.]; [VS.]; [ŚBr.] &c.; Ā. to procure for one's self, appropriate, assume, [ŚBr.]; [BṛĀrUp.]; [Mn. vii, 10] &c.; to give aid, help any one to get anything (dat.), [RV.]; [VS.]; to make liable to (dat.), [RV. iii, 41, 6]; [ŚBr. iv]; to injure, violate (e.g. kanyāṃ-√ kṛ, to violate a maiden), [Mn. viii, 367] and [369]; to appoint, institute, [ChUp.]; [Mn.]; to give an order, commission, [Mn.]; [R. ii, 2, 8]; to cause to get rid of, free from (abl. or -tas), [Pāṇ. v, 4, 49], [Kāś.]; to begin (e.g. cakre śobhayitum purīm, they began to adorn the city), [R. ii, 6, 10]; to proceed, act, put in practice, [VS.]; [ŚBr.]; [AitBr.] &c.; to worship, sacrifice, [RV.]; [ŚBr.]; [Mn. iii, 210]; to make a sound (svaram or śabdam, [MBh. iii, 11718]; [Pāṇ. iv, 4, 34]; [Hit.]), utter, pronounce (often ifc. with the sounds phaṭ, phut, bhāṇ, váṣaṭ, svadhā́, svā́hā, hiṃ), pronounce any formula ([Mn. ii, 74] and [xi, 33]); (with numeral adverbs ending in dhā) to divide, separate or break up into parts (e.g. dvidhā-√ kṛ, to divide into two parts, ind.p. dvidhā kṛtvā or dvidhā-kṛtya or -kāram, [Pāṇ. iii, 4, 62]; sahasradhā-√ kṛ, to break into a thousand pieces); (with adverbs ending in vat) to make like or similar, consider equivalent (e.g. rājyaṃ tṛṇa-vat kṛtvā, valuing the kingdom like a straw, [Vet.]); (with adverbs ending in sāt) to reduce anything to, cause to become, make subject (see ātma-sāt, bhasma-sāt), [Pāṇ. v, 4, 52 ff.] The above senses of √ may be variously modified or almost infinitely extended according to the noun with which this root is connected, as in the following examples: sakhyaṃ-√ kṛ, to contract friendship with; pūjāṃ-√ kṛ, to honour; rājyaṃ-√ kṛ, to reign; snehaṃ-√ kṛ, to show affection; ājñāṃ or nideśaṃ or śāsanaṃ or kāmaṃ or yācanāṃ or vacaḥ or vacanaṃ or vākyaṃ-√ kṛ, to perform any one's command or wish or request &c.; dharmaṃ-√ kṛ, to do one's duty, [Mn. vii, 136]; nakhāni-√ kṛ, ‘to clean one's nails’, see kṛta-nakha; udakaṃ [[Mn.]; [Yājñ.]; [R.]; [Daś.]] or salilaṃ [[R. i, 44, 49]] √ , to offer a libation of water to the dead; to perform ablutions; astrāṇi-√ kṛ, to practise the use of weapons, [MBh. iii, 11824]; darduraṃ-√ kṛ, to breathe the flute, [Pāṇ. iv, 4, 34]; daṇḍaṃ-√ kṛ, to inflict punishment &c., [Vet.]; kālaṃ-√ kṛ, to bring one's time to an end i.e. to die; ciraṃ-√ kṛ, to be long in doing anything, delay; manasā (for °si See above) √ , to place in one's mind, think of, meditate, [MBh.]; śirasā-√ kṛ, to place on the head; mūrdhnā-√ kṛ, to place on one's head, obey, honour. Very rarely in Veda ([AV. xviii, 2, 27]), but commonly in the Brāhmaṇas, Sūtras, and especially in classical Sanskṛt the perf. forms cakāra and cakre auxiliarily used to form the periphrastical perfect of verbs, especially of causatives, e.g. āsāṃ cakre, ‘he sat down’; gamayā́ṃ cakāra, ‘he caused to go’ [see, [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 40]; in Veda some other forms of √ are used in a similar way, viz. pr. karoti, [ŚāṅkhŚr.]; impf. akar, [MaitrS.] & [Kāṭh.]; 3. pl. akran, [MaitrS.] & [TBr.]; Prec. kriyāt, [MaitrS.] (see [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 42]); according to [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 41], also karotu with √ vid]. Caus. kārayati, °te, to cause to act or do, cause another to perform, have anything made or done by another (double acc., instr. and acc. [see [Pāṇ. i, 4, 53]], e.g. sabhāṃ kāritavān, he caused an assembly to be made, [Hit.]; rāja-darśanaṃ māṃ kāraya, cause me to have an audience of the king; vāṇijyaṃ kārayed vaiśyam, he ought to cause the Vaiśya to engage in trade, [Mn. viii, 410]; na śakṣyāmi kiṃcit kārayituṃ tvayā, I shall not be able to have anything done by thee, [MBh. ii, 6]); to cause to manufacture or form or cultivate, [Lāṭy.]; [Yājñ. ii, 158]; [MBh.] &c.; to cause to place or put, have anything placed, put upon, &c. (e.g. taṃ citrapaṭaṃ vāsa-gṛhe bhittāv akārayat, he had the picture placed on the wall in his house, [Kathās. v, 30]), [Mn. viii, 251]. Sometimes the Caus. of √ is used for the simple verb or without a causal signification (e.g. padaṃ kārayati, he pronounces a word, [Pāṇ. i, 3, 71], [Kāś.] ; mithyā k°, he pronounces wrongly, [ib.]; kaikeyīm anu rājānaṃ kāraya, treat or deal with Kaikeyī as the king does, [R. ii, 58, 16]) : Desid. cíkīrṣati (aor. 2. sg. acikīrṣīs, [ŚBr. iii]), ep. also °te, to wish to make or do, intend to do, design, intend, begin, strive after, [AV. xii, 4, 19]; [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.]; [Mn.] &c.; to wish to sacrifice or worship, [AV. v, 8, 3] : Intens. 3. pl. karikrati (pr. p. kárikrat See [Naigh. ii, 1] and [Pāṇ. vii, 4, 65]), to do repeatedly, [RV.]; [AV.]; [TS.]; Class. carkarti or carikarti or carīkarti [[Pāṇ. vii, 4, 92], [Kāś.]], also carkarīti or carikarīti or carīkarīti or cekrīyate [ib., Sch.; [Vop.]];

kṛ : [cf. Hib. caraim, ‘I perform, execute’; ceard, ‘an art, trade, business, function’; sucridh, ‘easy’; Old Germ. karawan, ‘to prepare’; Mod. Germ. gar, ‘prepared (as food)’; Lat. creo, ceremonia; κραίνω, κρόνος.]

kṛ : cl. 3. P. p. cakrát (Pot. 2. sg. cakriyās; aor. 1. sg. akārṣam [[AV. vii, 7, 1]] or akāriṣam [[RV. iv, 39, 6]]), to make mention of, praise, speak highly of (gen.), [RV.]; [AV.] : Intens. (1. sg. carkarmi, 1. pl. carkirāma, 3. pl. carkiran; Impv. 2. sg. carkṛtā́t and carkṛdhi; aor. 3. sg. Ā. cárkṛṣe) id., [RV.]; [AV.] (cf. kārú, kīrí, kīrtí.)

kṛ : to injure, &c. See √ 2. kṝ.

kṛ : 2. kṝ (or v.l. ) cl. 5. 9.P. Ā. kṛṇoti, °ṇute, °ṇāti, °ṇīte, to hurt, injure, kill, [Dhātup.]; [Vop. xvi, 2]; kṛṇváti, [Naigh. ii, 19.]

indra : índra m. (for etym. as given by native authorities See [Nir. x, 8]; [Sāy.] on [RV. i, 3, 4]; [Uṇ. ii, 28]; according to [BRD.] fr. in = √ inv with suff. ra preceded by inserted d, meaning ‘to subdue, conquer’ ; according to [Muir, S. T. v, 119], for sindra fr. √ syand, ‘to drop’; more probably from √ ind, ‘to drop’ q.v., and connected with indu above), the god of the atmosphere and sky

indra : the Indian Jupiter Pluvius or lord of rain (who in Vedic mythology reigns over the deities of the intermediate region or atmosphere; he fights against and conquers with his thunder-bolt [vajra] the demons of darkness, and is in general a symbol of generous heroism; was not originally lord of the gods of the sky, but his deeds were most useful to mankind, and he was therefore addressed in prayers and hymns more than any other deity, and ultimately superseded the more lofty and spiritual Varuṇa; in the later mythology is subordinated to the triad Brahman, Viṣṇu, and Śiva, but remained the chief of all other deities in the popular mind), [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [Mn.]; [MBh.]; [R.] &c. &c.

indra : (he is also regent of the east quarter, and considered one of the twelve Ādityas), [Mn.]; [R.]; [Suśr.] &c.

indra : in the Vedānta he is identified with the supreme being

indra : a prince

indra : ifc. best, excellent, the first, the chief (of any class of objects; cf. surendra, rājendra, parvatendra, &c.), [Mn.]; [Hit.]

indra : the pupil of the right eye (that of the left being called Indrāṇī or Indra's wife), [ŚBr.]; [BṛĀrUp.]

indra : the number fourteen, [Sūryas.]

indra : N. of a grammarian

indra : of a physician

indra : the plant Wrightia Antidysenterica (see kuṭaja), [L.]

indra : a vegetable poison, [L.]

indra : the twenty-sixth Yoga or division of a circle on the plane of the ecliptic

indra : the Yoga star in the twenty-sixth Nakṣatra, γ Pegasi

indra : the human soul, the portion of spirit residing in the body

indra : night, [L.]

indra : one of the nine divisions of Jambu-dvīpa or the known continent, [L.]

ena : a pronom. base (used for certain cases of the 3rd personal pronoun, thus in the acc. sing. du. pl. [enam, enām, enad, &c.], inst. sing. [enena, enayā] gen. loc. du. [enayos, Ved. enos]; the other cases are formed fr. the pronom. base a See under idam), he, she, it

ena : this, that, (this pronoun is enclitic and cannot begin a sentence; it is generally used alone, so that enam puruṣam, ‘that man’, would be very unusual if not incorrect. Grammarians assert that the substitution of enam &c. for imam or etam &c. takes place when something is referred to which has already been mentioned in a previous part of the sentence; see [Gr. 223] and [836])

ena : [cf. Gk. ἕν, οἷος; Goth. ains; Old Pruss. ains; Lat. oinos, unus.]

ena : and enā, Ved. instr. of idam, q.v.

ena : (cf. eṇa), a stag. See an-ena.

ni : ní ind. down, back, in, into, within (except, [AV. x, 8, 7] always prefixed either to verbs or to nouns; in the latter case it has also the meaning of negation or privation [cf. ‘down-hearted’ = heartless]; sometimes w.r. for nis)

ni : it may also express kṣepa, dāna, upa-rama, ā-śraya, mokṣa &c., [L.]

ni : [cf. Zd. ni; Gk. ἐ-νί; Slav. ni-zu; Germ., ni-dar, ni-der, nieder; Angl.Sax. ni-ther, Eng. ne-ther, be-neath.]

ni : (for nī) mfn. See ṛta-ní.

ni : (in music) the 7th note (for niṣadha).

yam : cl. 1. P. ([Dhātup. xxiii, 15]) yácchati (Ved. also °te, and Ved. ep. yámati, °te; pf. yayāma, yeme; 2. sg. yayantha, 3. pl. yemúḥ, yemiré, [RV.] &c. &c.; 3. du. irreg. -yamatuḥ, [RV. v, 67, 1]; aor. áyān, áyamuh; Impv. yaṃsi, yandhí; Pot. yamyās, yamīmahi, [RV.]; áyāṃsam, ayāṃsi, áyaṃsta Subj. yaṃsat, °satas, °sate, [ib.]; [Br.]; 3. sg. -yámiṣṭa, [RV. v, 32, 7]; ayaṃsiṣam Gr.; fut. yantā, [ib.]; yaṃsyati, yamiṣyati, [Br.] &c. inf. yántum, yamitum, [ib.]; yántave, yámitavaí, [RV.]; ind.p. yatvā, yamitvā, [MBh.]; [Kāv.] &c.; yátya, [AV.]; [Br.]; -yamya, [GṛŚrS.]; -yámam, [RV.]; [Br.]), to sustain, hold, hold up, support (Ā. ‘one's self’; with loc. ‘to be founded on’), [RV.]; [Br.]; [ChUp.]; to raise, wield (a weapon &c.; Ā. with āyudhaiḥ, ‘to brandish weapons’), [RV.]; to raise, extend or hold (as a screen &c.) over (dat.), [RV.]; (Ā.) to extend one's self before (dat.), [AitBr.]; to raise (the other scale), weigh more, [ŚBr.]; to stretch out, expand, spread, display, show, [RV.]; to hold or keep in, hold back, restrain, check, curb, govern, subdue, control, [ib.] &c. &c.; to offer; confer, grant, bestow on (dat. or loc.), present with (instr.), [RV.] &c. &c.; (with mārgam), to make way for (gen.), [MBh.]; (with prati and abl.), to give anything in exchange for anything, [Kāś.] on [Pāṇ. ii, 3, 11]; (Ā.) to give one's self up to, be faithful to, obey (dat.), [RV.]; to raise, utter (a sound &c.), [ib.]; to fix, establish, [ib.]; (Ā.) to be firm, not budge, [RV.]; to catch fire, [TBr.] (Sch.) : Pass. yamyáte (aor. áyāmi), to be raised or lifted up or held back or restrained, [RV.] &c. &c.: Caus. yāmayati ([AV.]), yamayati ([Br.] &c.; °te, [MBh.]; aor. ayīyamat), to restrain, hold in, control, keep or put in order: Desid. yiyaṃsati, to wish to restrain &c., [Br.] : Intens. yaṃyamīti (see ud-√ yam) or yaṃyamyate ([Pāṇ. vii, 4, 85], Vārtt. 2, [Pat.]) [cf. Gk. ζημία, ‘restraint, punishment’.]

agni : agní m. (√ ag, [Uṇ.]) fire, sacrificial fire (of three kinds, Gārhapatya, Āhavanīya, and Dakṣiṇa)

agni : the number three, [Sūryas.]

agni : the god of fire, the fire of the stomach, digestive faculty, gastric fluid

agni : bile, [L.]

agni : gold, [L.]

agni : N. of various plants Semecarpus Anacardium, [Suśr.], Plumbago Zeylanica and Rosea, Citrus Acida

agni : mystical substitute for the letter r

agni : in the Kātantra grammar N. of noun-stems ending in i and u

agni : (also) = next, [ĀpŚr.]

agni : [cf. Lat. ignì-s; Lith. ugni-s; Slav. ognj].

ena : a pronom. base (used for certain cases of the 3rd personal pronoun, thus in the acc. sing. du. pl. [enam, enām, enad, &c.], inst. sing. [enena, enayā] gen. loc. du. [enayos, Ved. enos]; the other cases are formed fr. the pronom. base a See under idam), he, she, it

ena : this, that, (this pronoun is enclitic and cannot begin a sentence; it is generally used alone, so that enam puruṣam, ‘that man’, would be very unusual if not incorrect. Grammarians assert that the substitution of enam &c. for imam or etam &c. takes place when something is referred to which has already been mentioned in a previous part of the sentence; see [Gr. 223] and [836])

ena : [cf. Gk. ἕν, οἷος; Goth. ains; Old Pruss. ains; Lat. oinos, unus.]

ena : and enā, Ved. instr. of idam, q.v.

ena : (cf. eṇa), a stag. See an-ena.

aj : cl. 1. P. (defect., supplemented fr. √ vī), ájati, ājīt, ajitum, to drive, propel, throw, cast: Desid. ajijiṣati, to be desirous of driving

aj : [cf. Gk. ἄγω; Lat. ago].