pra : prá ind. before

pra : forward, in front, on, forth (mostly in connection with a verb, esp. with a verb of motion which is often to be supplied; sometimes repeated before the verb, cf. [Pāṇ. viii, 1, 6]; rarely as a separate word, e.g. [AitBr. ii, 40])

pra : as a prefix to subst. = forth, away, cf. pra-vṛtti, pra-sthāna

pra : as prefix to adj. = excessively, very, much, cf. pra-caṇḍa, pra-matta

pra : in nouns of relationship = great- cf. pra-pitāmaha, pra-pautra

pra : (according to native lexicographers it may be used in the senses of gati, ā-rambha, ut-karṣa, sarvato-bhāva, prāthamya, khyāti, ut-patti, vy-avahāra), [RV.]; &c.

pra : [cf. puras, purā, pūrva; Zd. fra; Gk. πρό; Lat. pro; Slav. pra-, pro-; Lith. pra-; Goth. faúr, faúra; Germ. vor; Eng. fore.]

pra : mfn. (√ pṝ or prā) filling, fulfilling

pra : (n. fulfilment ifc.; cf. ākūti-, kakṣya-, kāma-)

pra : like, resembling (ifc.; cf. ikṣu-, kṣura-).

ya : the 1st semivowel (corresponding to the vowels i and ī, and having the sound of the English y, in Bengal usually pronounced j).

ya : m. (in prosody) a bacchic (˘ ¯ ¯), [Piṅg.]

ya : the actual base of the relative pronoun in declension [cf. yád and Gk. ὅς, ἥ, ὅ].

ya : m. (in some senses fr. √ 1. yā, only, [L.]) a goer or mover

ya : wind

ya : joining

ya : restraining

ya : fame

ya : a carriage (?)

ya : barley

ya : light

ya : abandoning

śubh : (or śumbh) cl. 1. Ā. or cl. 6. P. ([Dhātup. xviii, 11]; [xxviii, 33]) śóbhate, śumbháti or śúmbhati (ep. also śobhati, and Ved. śúmbhate; 3. sg. śóbhe, [RV.]; pf. śuśobha, śuśubhe, [MBh.] &c.; śuśumbha Gr.; aor., aśubhat, aśobhiṣṭa, aśumbhīt, [ib.]; p. śúmbhāna, śubhāná, [RV.]; fut. śobhitā or śumbhitā Gr.; śobhiṣyati, [MBh.]; śumbhiṣyati Gr.; inf. śubhé, śobhāse, [RV.]; śobhitum Gr.), to beautify, embellish, adorn, beautify one's self. (Ā.) look beautiful or handsome, shine, be bright or splendid; (with iva or yathā, ‘to shine or look like’; with na, ‘to look bad, have a bad appearance, appear to disadvantage’), [RV.] &c. &c.; to prepare, make fit or ready, (Ā.) prepare one's self, [RV.]; [AV.]; (śúmbhate accord. to some) to flash or flit i.e. glide rapidly past or along, [RV.] (cf. śubhāná, śumbhámāna, and pra-√ śumbh); (śumbhati) wrongly for śundhati (to be connected with √ śudh, to purify), [AV. vi, 155, 3]; [xii, 2, 40] &c.; (śumbhati) to harm, injure, [Dhātup. xi, 42] (in this sense rather to be regarded as a second √ śumbh cf. √ 2. śumbh, ni-śumbh) : Pass. aor. aśobhi-tarām, [Inscr.] : Caus. śobhayati (aor. aśūśubhat ; cf. śobhita), to cause to shine, beautify, ornament, decorate, [AV.] &c. &c.; (śubháyati, °te) to ornament, decorate, (Ā.) decorate one's self, [RV.]; [TBr.]; (only pr. p. śubháyat), to fly rapidly along, [RV.] : Desid. śuśobhiṣate (accord. to Gr. also °ti, and śuśubhiṣati, °te), to wish to prepare or make ready, [Nir. viii, 10] : Intens. śośubhyate (Gr. also śośobdhi), to shine brightly or intensely, be very splendid or beautiful, [MBh.]

śubh : śúbh f. (dat. śubhé as inf.) splendour, beauty, ornament, decoration, [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.]; [TBr.]

śubh : flashing or flitting past, gliding along, rapid course or flight, [RV.]; [AV.]; [TS.]

śubh : readiness (?), [RV.]

jani : jáni, °nī, f. a woman, wife (gen. °nyur, [RV. x, 10, 3]), [RV.] (pl. also fig. ‘the fingers’), [VS.]

jani : birth, production, [Sarvad.]; [KapS. i, 97], Sch.

jani : a kind of fragrant plant, [L.]

jani : a mother, [L.]

jani : birth, i.e. life, [AgP. xxxviii, 1]

jani : birthplace, [Hariv. 11979]

jani : the root jan, [Bādar. iii, 1, 24], Sch.

jani : cf. gnā́.

na : the dental nasal (found at the beginning of words and before or after dental consonants as well as between vowels; subject to conversion into ṇa, [Pāṇ. viii, 4, 1]-[39]).

na : ná ind. not, no, nor, neither, [RV.] (nā, [x, 34, 8]) &c. &c. (as well in simple negation as in wishing, requesting and commanding, except in prohibition before an Impv. or an augmentless aor. [cf. 1. mā]; in successive sentences or clauses either simply repeated, e.g. [Mn. iv, 34]; or strengthened by another particle, esp. at the second place or further on in the sentence, e.g. by u [cf. no], utá, api, cāpi, vā, vāpi or atha vā, [RV. i, 170, 1]; [151, 9]; [Nal. iii, 24], &c.; it may even be replaced by ca, vā, api ca, api vā, &c. alone, as, [Mn. ii, 98]; [Nal. i, 14], &c.; often joined with other particles, beside those mentioned above esp. with a following tu, tv eva, tv eva tu, ced, q.v., khalu, q.v., ha [cf. g. cādi and [Pāṇ. viii, 1, 31]] &c.; before round or collective numbers and after any numeral in the instr. or abl. it expresses deficiency, e.g. ekayā na viṃśati, not 20 by 1 i.e. 19 [ŚBr.]; pañcabhir na catvāri śatāni, 395 [ib.]; with another or an a priv. it generally forms a strong affirmation [cf. [Vām. v, 1, 9]] e.g. neyaṃ na vakṣyati, she will most certainly declare, [Śak. iii, 9]; nādaṇḍyo 'sti, he must certainly be punished, [Mn. viii, 335]; it may also, like a, form compounds, [Vām. v, 2, 13] [cf. below])

na : that not, lest, for fear lest (with Pot.), [MBh.]; [R.]; [Daś.] &c.

na : like, as, as it were (only in Veda and later artificial language, e.g. gauro na tṛṣitaḥ piba, drink like [lit. ‘not’ i.e. ‘although not being’] a thirsty deer; in this sense it does not coalesce metrically with a following vowel).

na : [cf. Gk. νη-; Lat. ně-; Angl.Sax. ne, ‘not’; Engl. no, &c.]

na : mfn. ([L.]) thin, spare

na : vacant, empty

na : identical

na : unvexed, unbroken

na : m. band, fetter

na : jewel, pearl

na : war

na : gift

na : welfare

na : N. of Buddha

na : N. of Gaṇeśa

na : = prastuta

na : = dviraṇḍa (?)

sapti : sápti m. (possibly connected with √ sap) a horse, steed, courser (cf. sapta-s°), [RV.]; [VS.]; [Kāv.]; [Pañcar.]

sapti : N. of the author of [RV. x, 79] (having the patr. Vājambhara.), [Anukr.]

yāman : yā́man n. (for 2. See p. 851, col. 3) going, coming, motion, course, flight, [RV.]

yāman : march, expedition, [ib.]

yāman : approaching the gods, invocation, prayer, sacrifice &c., [ib.]; [AV.]; [TS.] (loc. sometimes = this time or turn).

yāman : n. (for 1. See p. 850, col. 1) = niyamana, [TāṇḍBr.], Sch.

rudra : rudrá mfn. (prob.) crying, howling, roaring, dreadful, terrific, terrible, horrible (applied to the Aśvins, Agni, Indra, Mitra, Varuṇa, and the spáśaḥ), [RV.]; [AV.] (accord. to others ‘red, shining, glittering’, fr. a √ rud or rudh connected with rudhira; others ‘strong, having or bestowing strength or power’, fr. a √ rud = vṛd, vṛdh; native authorities give also the following meanings, ‘driving away evil’; ‘running about and roaring’, fr. ru + dra = 2. dru; ‘praiseworthy, to be praised’; ‘a praiser, worshipper’ = stotṛ, [Naigh. iii, 16])

rudra : rudrá m. ‘Roarer or Howler’, N. of the god of tempests and father and ruler of the Rudras and Maruts (in the Veda he is closely connected with Indra and still more with Agni, the god of fire, which, as a destroying agent, rages and crackles like the roaring storm, and also with Kāla or Time the all-consumer, with whom he is afterwards identified; though generally represented as a destroying deity, whose terrible shafts bring death or disease on men and cattle, he has also the epithet śiva, ‘benevolent’ or ‘auspicious’, and is even supposed to possess healing powers from his chasing away vapours and purifying the atmosphere; in the later mythology the word śiva, which does not occur as a name in the Veda, was employed, first as an euphemistic epithet and then as a real name for Rudra, who lost his special connection with storms and developed into a form of the disintegrating and reintegrating principle; while a new class of beings, described as eleven [or thirty-three] in number, though still called Rudras, took the place of the original Rudras or Maruts: in [VP. i, 7], Rudra is said to have sprung from Brahmā's forehead, and to have afterwards separated himself into a figure half male and half female, the former portion separating again into the 11 Rudras, hence these later Rudras are sometimes regarded as inferior manifestations of Śiva, and most of their names, which are variously given in the different Purāṇas, are also names of Śiva ; those of the [VāyuP.] are Ajaikapād, Ahir-budhnya, Hara, Nirṛta, Īśvara, Bhuvana, Aṅgāraka, Ardha-ketu, Mṛtyu, Sarpa, Kapālin; accord. to others the Rudras are represented as children of Kaśyapa and Surabhi or of Brahmā and Surabhi or of Bhūta and Su-rūpā; accord. to [VP. i, 8], Rudra is one of the 8 forms of Śiva; elsewhere he is reckoned among the Dik-pālas as regent of the north-east quarter), [RV.] &c. &c. (cf. [RTL. 75] &c.)

rudra : N. of the number ‘eleven’ (from the 11 Rudras), [VarBṛS.]

rudra : the eleventh, [Cat.]

rudra : (in astrol.) N. of the first Muhūrta

rudra : (in music) of a kind of stringed instrument (cf. rudrī and rudra-vīṇā)

rudra : of the letter e, [Up.]

rudra : of various men, [Kathās.]; [Rājat.]

rudra : of various teachers and authors (also with ācārya, kavi, bhaṭṭa, śarman, sūri &c.), [Cat.]

rudra : of a king, [Buddh.]

rudra : du. (incorrect acc. to, [Vām. v, 2, 1]) Rudra and Rudrāṇī (cf. also bhavā-r° and somā-rudra)

rudra : pl. the Rudras or sons of Rudra (sometimes identified with or distinguished from the Maruts who are 11 or 33 in number), [RV.] &c. &c.

rudra : an abbreviated N. for the texts or hymns addressed to Rudra, [GṛŚrS.]; [Gaut.]; [Vas.] (cf. rudra-japa)

rudra : of a people (v.l. puṇḍra), [VP.]

rudra : &c. See p. 883, col. 1.

sūnu : m. one who urges or incites, an inciter, [Sāy.] on [RV. i, 103, 4]

sūnu : the sun (= savitṛ), [L.]

sūnu : sūnú m. a son, child, offspring, [RV.] &c. &c.

sūnu : a younger brother, [Kir. i, 24]

sūnu : a daughter's son, [W.]

sūnu : N. of a Ṛṣi (having the patr. Ārbhava or Kāśyapa, author of [RV. x, 176]), [Anukr.]; [IndSt.]

sūnu : sūnú f. a daughter, [Mn. i, 10.]

sūnu : [cf. Zd. hunu; Lith. sūnùs; Slav. synǔ; Goth. sunus; Angl.Sax. sunu; Eng. son; Germ. Sohn.]

sūnu : sūnú m. (for 1. 2. See under √ 1. 2. sū) one who presses out or extracts the Soma-juice, [RV. iii, 1, 12] (= 1. sotṛ, [Sāy.])

sūnu : 1. 2. 3. . See under √ 1. 2. sū, and p. 1241, col. 3.

sudaṃsas : su—dáṃsas mfn. accomplishing mighty or splendid actions, energetic, active, powerful, [RV.]

rodasī : See p. 889, cols. 1, 2.

rodasī : ródasī f. (du., once sg.) heaven and earth, [RV.] &c. &c.

rodasī : (sg.) N. of lightning as wife of Rudra and companion of the Maruts (also rodasī́), [RV.]

rodasī : the earth, [R.]; [Hcat.]

hi : (cf. √ hay) cl. 5. P. ([Dhātup. xxvii, 11]) hinóti (Ved. also hinuté, hínvati and hinváti, °te; p. hinvāná [with act. and pass. sense] [RV.]; háyat, [RV.]; [TS.]; 1. sg. hiṣe, [RV.]; pf. jighāya, jighyuḥ, [Br.] &c.; jighye [with pass. sense] [Bhaṭṭ.]; aor. áhema, ahyan, heta p. hiyāná [with pass. sense] [RV.]; ahyam [?], áhait, [AV.]; ahaiṣīt, [Br.]; aheṣata, [RV.]; fut. hetā Gr.; heṣyati, [MBh.] &c.; inf. -hyé, [RV.]), to send forth, set in motion, impel, urge on, hasten on (Ā. also intrans.), [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.]; to stimulate or incite to (dat.), [RV.]; to assist or help to (dat.), [ib.]; to discharge, hurl, cast, shoot, [RV.]; to convey, bring, procure, [ib.]; [ŚBr.]; to forsake, abandon, get rid of [Bhaṭṭ.]; (hinvati) to gladden, delight, [Dhātup. xv, 82] : Pass. hīyate (aor. ahāyi) Gr.: Caus. hāyayati (aor. ajīhayat), [ib.] : Desid. of Caus. jihāpayiṣati, [ib.] : Desid. jighīṣati, [ib.] : Intens. jeghīyate, jeghayīti, jegheti, [ib.]

hi : hí ind. (used as a particle [cf. ha and gha] and usually denoting) for, because, on account of (never standing first in a sentence, but generally after the first word and used enclitically, sometimes after pronouns; e.g. sárvo hí pṛ́tanā jigīṣati, ‘for everybody wishes to win battles’; bhavān hi pramāṇam, ‘for your honour is the authority’; tathā hi, ‘for example’, ‘accordingly’; ná hí or nahí, ‘for not’, ‘not at all’), [RV.] &c. &c.

hi : just, pray, do (with an Impv. or Pot. emphatically; sometimes with Indic., e.g. paśyāmo hi, ‘we will just see’), [ib.]

hi : indeed, assuredly, surely, of course, certainly (hí vaí, ‘most assuredly’; hi-tu or hi-punar, ‘indeed-but’; often a mere expletive, esp. to avoid a hiatus, sometimes repeated in the same sentence; is also said to be an interjection of ‘envy’, ‘contempt’, ‘hurry’ &c.), [ib.]

marut : marút m. pl. (prob. the ‘flashing or shining ones’; cf. marīci and Gk. μαρμαίρω) the storm-gods (Indra's companions and sometimes, e.g. [Ragh. xii, 101] = devāḥ, the gods or deities in general; said in the Veda to be the sons of Rudra and Pṛśni q.v., or the children of heaven or of ocean; and described as armed with golden weapons i.e. lightnings and thunderbolts, as having iron teeth and roaring like lions, as residing in the north, as riding in golden cars drawn by ruddy horses sometimes called Pṛṣatīḥ q.v.; they are reckoned in [Naigh. v, 5] among the gods of the middle sphere, and in [RV. viii, 96, 8] are held to be three times sixty in number; in the later literature they are the children of Diti, either seven or seven times seven in number, and are sometimes said to be led by Mātariśvan), [RV.] &c. &c.

marut : the god of the wind (father of Hanumat and regent of the north-west quarter of the sky), [Kir.]; [Rājat.] (cf. comp.)

marut : wind, air, breath (also applied to the five winds in the body), [Kāv.]; [Pur.] &c.

marut : a species of plant, [Bhpr.]

marut : = ṛtvij, [Naigh. iii, 18]

marut : gold, [ib.] [i, 2]

marut : beauty, [ib.] [iii, 7]

marut : N. of a Sādhya, [Hariv.]

marut : of the prince Bṛhad-ratha, [MaitrUp.]

marut : marút f. Trigonella Corniculata, [L.]

marut : marút n. a kind of fragrant substance (= granthi-parṇa), [L.]

kṛ : Ved. I) cl. 2. P. 2. sg. kárṣi du. kṛthás pl. kṛthá; Ā. 2. sg. kṛṣé; impf. 2. and 3. sg. ákar, 3. sg. rarely ákat ([ŚBr. iii], [xi]) ; 3. du. ákartām; pl. ákarma, ákarta (also, [BhP. ix]), ákran (aor., according to [Pāṇ. iv, 2, 80], [Kāś.]); Ā. ákri ([RV. x, 159, 4] and [174, 4]), ákṛthās ([RV. v, 30, 8]), ákṛta ([RV.]); akrātām ([ŚāṅkhŚr.]), ákrata ([RV.]; [AV.]) : Impv. kṛdhí (also, [MBh. i, 5141] and [BhP. viii]), kṛtám, kṛtá; Ā. kṛṣvá, kṛdhvám; Subj. 2. and 3. sg. kar pl. kárma, kárta and kartana, kran; Ā. 3. sg. kṛta ([RV. ix, 69, 5]), 3. pl. kránta ([RV. i, 141, 3]) : Pot. kriyāma ([RV. x, 32, 9]); pr. p. P. (nom. pl.) krántas Ā. krāṇá. II) cl. 1. P. kárasi, kárati, kárathas, káratas, káranti; Ā. kárase, kárate, kárāmahe: impf. ákaram, ákaras, ákarat (aor., according to [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 59]) : Impv. kára, káratam, káratām: Subj. káram, kárāṇi, káras, kárat, kárāma, káran; Ā. karāmahai; pr. p. f. kárantī ([Naigh.]) III) cl. 5. P. kṛṇómi, °ṇóṣi, °ṇóti, kṛṇuthás, kṛṇmás and kṛṇmasi, kṛṇuthá, kṛṇvánti; Ā. kṛṇvé, kṛṇuṣé, kṛṇuté, 3. du. kṛṇvaíte ([RV. vi, 25, 4]); pl. kṛṇmáhe, kṛṇváte: impf. ákṛṇos, ákṛṇot, ákṛṇutam, ákṛṇuta and °ṇotana ([RV. i, 110, 8]), ákṛṇvan; Ā. 3. sg. ákṛṇuta pl. ákṛṇudhvam, ákṛṇvata: Impv. kṛṇú or kṛṇuhí or kṛṇutā́t, kṛṇótu, kṛṇutám, kṛṇutā́m, 2. pl. kṛṇutá or kṛṇóta or kṛṇótana, 3. pl. kṛṇvántu; Ā. kṛṇuṣvá, kṛṇutā́m, kṛṇvā́thām, kṛṇudhvám: Subj. kṛṇávas, °ṇávat or °ṇávāt, kṛṇávāva, °ṇávāma, °ṇávātha, °ṇávatha, °ṇávan; Ā. kṛṇávai (once °ṇavā, [RV. x, 95, 2]), kṛṇavase (also, [ŚvetUp. ii, 7] v.l. °ṇvase), kṛṇavate, kṛṇávāvahai, kṛṇávāmahai, 3. pl. kṛṇávanta ([RV.]) or kṛṇavante or kṛṇvata ([RV.]) : Pot. Ā. kṛṇvītá; pr. p. P. kṛṇvát (f. °vatī́) Ā. kṛṇvāṇá. IV) cl. 8. (this is the usual formation in the Brāhmaṇas; Sūtras, and in classical Sanskṛt) P. karómi (ep. kurmi, [MBh. iii, 10943]; [R. ii, 12, 33]); kurvás, kuruthás, kurutás, kurmás [kulmas in an interpolation after, [RV. x, 128]], kuruthá, kurvánti; Ā. kurvé, &c., 3. pl. kurváte ([Pāṇ. vi, 4, 108]-[110]) : impf. akaravam, akaros, akarot, akurva, &c.; Ā. 3. sg. akuruta pl. akurvata: Impv. kuru, karotu (in the earlier language 2. and 3. sg. kurutāt, 3. sg. also, [BhP. vi, 4, 34]), kuruta or kurutana ([Nir. iv, 7]); Ā. kuruṣva, kurudhvam, kurvátām: Subj. karavāṇi, karavas, °vāt, °vāva or °vāvas ([Pāṇ. iii, 4, 98], [Kāś.]), °vāma or °vāmas ([ib.]), °vātha, °van; Ā. karavai, kuruthās, karavāvahai ([TUp.]; °he, [MBh. iii, 10762]), karavaithe, °vaite ([Pāṇ. iii, 4, 95], [Kāś.]), °vāmahai (°he, [MBh.]; [R. i, 18, 12]) : Pot. P. kuryām Ā. kurvīya ([Pāṇ. vi, 4, 109] and [110]); pr. p. P. kurvát (f. °vatī́); Ā. kurvāṇá: perf. P. cakā́ra, cakártha, cakṛvá, cakṛmá, cakrá ([Pāṇ. vii, 2, 13]); Ā. cakré, cakriré; p. cakṛvas (acc. cakrúṣam, [RV. x, 137, 1]); Ā. cakrāṇa ([Vop.]) : 2nd fut. kariṣyáti; Subj. 2. sg. kariṣyā́s ([RV. iv, 30, 23]); 1st fut. kártā: Prec. kriyāsam: aor. P. Ved. cakaram ([RV. iv, 42, 6]), acakrat ([RV. iv, 18, 12]), ácakriran ([RV. viii, 6, 20]); Ā. 1. sg. kṛske ([RV. x, 49, 7]); Class. akārṣīt ([Pāṇ. vii, 2, 1], [Kāś.]; once akāraṣīt, [BhP. i, 10, 1]); Pass. aor. reflex. akāri and akṛta ([Pāṇ. iii, 1, 62], [Kāś.]) : Inf. kártum, Ved. kártave, kártavaí, kártos (see ss.vv.); ind.p. kṛtvā́, Ved. kṛtvī́ [[RV.]] and kṛtvā́ya [[TS. iv], [v]]; to do, make, perform, accomplish, cause, effect, prepare, undertake, [RV.] &c.; to do anything for the advantage or injury of another (gen. or loc.), [MBh.]; [R.] &c.; to execute, carry out (as an order or command), [ib.]; to manufacture, prepare, work at, elaborate, build, [ib.]; to form or construct one thing out of another (abl. or instr.), [R. i, 2, 44]; [Hit.] &c.; to employ, use, make use of (instr.), [ŚvetUp.]; [Mn. x, 91]; [MBh.] &c.; to compose, describe, [R. i]; to cultivate, [Yājñ. ii, 158] (cf. [Mn. x, 114]); to accomplish any period, bring to completion, spend (e.g. varṣāṇi daśa cakruḥ, ‘they spent ten years’, [MBh. xv, 6]; kṣaṇaṃ kuru, ‘wait a moment’, [MBh.]; cf. kṛtakṣaṇa); to place, put, lay, bring, lead, take hold of (acc. or loc. or instr., e.g. ardháṃ-√ kṛ, to take to one's own side or party, cause to share in (gen.; see 2. ardhá); haste or pāṇau-√ kṛ, to take by the hand, marry, [Pāṇ. i, 4, 77]; hṛdayena-√ kṛ, to place in one's heart, love, [Mṛcch.]; hṛdi-√ kṛ, to take to heart, mind, think over, consider, [Rājat. v, 313]; manasi-√ kṛ id., [R. ii, 64, 8]; [Hcar.]; to determine, purpose [ind.p. °si-kṛtvā or °si-kṛtya] [Pāṇ. i, 4, 75]; vaśe-√ kṛ, to place in subjection, become master of [Mn. ii, 100]); to direct the thoughts, mind, &c. (mánas [[RV.]; [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.] or buddhim [[Nal. xxvi, 10]] or matim [[MBh.]; [R.]] or bhāvam [[ib.]], &c.) towards any object, turn the attention to, resolve upon, determine on (loc. dat. inf., or a sentence with iti, e.g. mā śoke manaḥ kṛthāḥ, do not turn your mind to grief, [Nal. xiv, 22] ; gamanāya matiṃ cakre, he resolved upon going, [R. i, 9, 55]; alābuṃ samutsraṣṭuṃ manaś cakre, he resolved to create a gourd, [MBh. iii, 8844]; draṣṭā tavāsmīti matiṃ cakāra, he determined to see him, [MBh. iii, 12335]); to think of (acc.), [R. i, 21, 14]; to make, render (with two acc., e.g. ādityaṃ kāṣṭhām akurvata, they made the sun their goal, [AitBr. iv, 7]), [RV.]; [ŚBr.] &c.; to procure for another, bestow, grant (with gen. or loc.), [RV.]; [VS.]; [ŚBr.] &c.; Ā. to procure for one's self, appropriate, assume, [ŚBr.]; [BṛĀrUp.]; [Mn. vii, 10] &c.; to give aid, help any one to get anything (dat.), [RV.]; [VS.]; to make liable to (dat.), [RV. iii, 41, 6]; [ŚBr. iv]; to injure, violate (e.g. kanyāṃ-√ kṛ, to violate a maiden), [Mn. viii, 367] and [369]; to appoint, institute, [ChUp.]; [Mn.]; to give an order, commission, [Mn.]; [R. ii, 2, 8]; to cause to get rid of, free from (abl. or -tas), [Pāṇ. v, 4, 49], [Kāś.]; to begin (e.g. cakre śobhayitum purīm, they began to adorn the city), [R. ii, 6, 10]; to proceed, act, put in practice, [VS.]; [ŚBr.]; [AitBr.] &c.; to worship, sacrifice, [RV.]; [ŚBr.]; [Mn. iii, 210]; to make a sound (svaram or śabdam, [MBh. iii, 11718]; [Pāṇ. iv, 4, 34]; [Hit.]), utter, pronounce (often ifc. with the sounds phaṭ, phut, bhāṇ, váṣaṭ, svadhā́, svā́hā, hiṃ), pronounce any formula ([Mn. ii, 74] and [xi, 33]); (with numeral adverbs ending in dhā) to divide, separate or break up into parts (e.g. dvidhā-√ kṛ, to divide into two parts, ind.p. dvidhā kṛtvā or dvidhā-kṛtya or -kāram, [Pāṇ. iii, 4, 62]; sahasradhā-√ kṛ, to break into a thousand pieces); (with adverbs ending in vat) to make like or similar, consider equivalent (e.g. rājyaṃ tṛṇa-vat kṛtvā, valuing the kingdom like a straw, [Vet.]); (with adverbs ending in sāt) to reduce anything to, cause to become, make subject (see ātma-sāt, bhasma-sāt), [Pāṇ. v, 4, 52 ff.] The above senses of √ may be variously modified or almost infinitely extended according to the noun with which this root is connected, as in the following examples: sakhyaṃ-√ kṛ, to contract friendship with; pūjāṃ-√ kṛ, to honour; rājyaṃ-√ kṛ, to reign; snehaṃ-√ kṛ, to show affection; ājñāṃ or nideśaṃ or śāsanaṃ or kāmaṃ or yācanāṃ or vacaḥ or vacanaṃ or vākyaṃ-√ kṛ, to perform any one's command or wish or request &c.; dharmaṃ-√ kṛ, to do one's duty, [Mn. vii, 136]; nakhāni-√ kṛ, ‘to clean one's nails’, see kṛta-nakha; udakaṃ [[Mn.]; [Yājñ.]; [R.]; [Daś.]] or salilaṃ [[R. i, 44, 49]] √ , to offer a libation of water to the dead; to perform ablutions; astrāṇi-√ kṛ, to practise the use of weapons, [MBh. iii, 11824]; darduraṃ-√ kṛ, to breathe the flute, [Pāṇ. iv, 4, 34]; daṇḍaṃ-√ kṛ, to inflict punishment &c., [Vet.]; kālaṃ-√ kṛ, to bring one's time to an end i.e. to die; ciraṃ-√ kṛ, to be long in doing anything, delay; manasā (for °si See above) √ , to place in one's mind, think of, meditate, [MBh.]; śirasā-√ kṛ, to place on the head; mūrdhnā-√ kṛ, to place on one's head, obey, honour. Very rarely in Veda ([AV. xviii, 2, 27]), but commonly in the Brāhmaṇas, Sūtras, and especially in classical Sanskṛt the perf. forms cakāra and cakre auxiliarily used to form the periphrastical perfect of verbs, especially of causatives, e.g. āsāṃ cakre, ‘he sat down’; gamayā́ṃ cakāra, ‘he caused to go’ [see, [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 40]; in Veda some other forms of √ are used in a similar way, viz. pr. karoti, [ŚāṅkhŚr.]; impf. akar, [MaitrS.] & [Kāṭh.]; 3. pl. akran, [MaitrS.] & [TBr.]; Prec. kriyāt, [MaitrS.] (see [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 42]); according to [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 41], also karotu with √ vid]. Caus. kārayati, °te, to cause to act or do, cause another to perform, have anything made or done by another (double acc., instr. and acc. [see [Pāṇ. i, 4, 53]], e.g. sabhāṃ kāritavān, he caused an assembly to be made, [Hit.]; rāja-darśanaṃ māṃ kāraya, cause me to have an audience of the king; vāṇijyaṃ kārayed vaiśyam, he ought to cause the Vaiśya to engage in trade, [Mn. viii, 410]; na śakṣyāmi kiṃcit kārayituṃ tvayā, I shall not be able to have anything done by thee, [MBh. ii, 6]); to cause to manufacture or form or cultivate, [Lāṭy.]; [Yājñ. ii, 158]; [MBh.] &c.; to cause to place or put, have anything placed, put upon, &c. (e.g. taṃ citrapaṭaṃ vāsa-gṛhe bhittāv akārayat, he had the picture placed on the wall in his house, [Kathās. v, 30]), [Mn. viii, 251]. Sometimes the Caus. of √ is used for the simple verb or without a causal signification (e.g. padaṃ kārayati, he pronounces a word, [Pāṇ. i, 3, 71], [Kāś.] ; mithyā k°, he pronounces wrongly, [ib.]; kaikeyīm anu rājānaṃ kāraya, treat or deal with Kaikeyī as the king does, [R. ii, 58, 16]) : Desid. cíkīrṣati (aor. 2. sg. acikīrṣīs, [ŚBr. iii]), ep. also °te, to wish to make or do, intend to do, design, intend, begin, strive after, [AV. xii, 4, 19]; [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.]; [Mn.] &c.; to wish to sacrifice or worship, [AV. v, 8, 3] : Intens. 3. pl. karikrati (pr. p. kárikrat See [Naigh. ii, 1] and [Pāṇ. vii, 4, 65]), to do repeatedly, [RV.]; [AV.]; [TS.]; Class. carkarti or carikarti or carīkarti [[Pāṇ. vii, 4, 92], [Kāś.]], also carkarīti or carikarīti or carīkarīti or cekrīyate [ib., Sch.; [Vop.]];

kṛ : [cf. Hib. caraim, ‘I perform, execute’; ceard, ‘an art, trade, business, function’; sucridh, ‘easy’; Old Germ. karawan, ‘to prepare’; Mod. Germ. gar, ‘prepared (as food)’; Lat. creo, ceremonia; κραίνω, κρόνος.]

kṛ : cl. 3. P. p. cakrát (Pot. 2. sg. cakriyās; aor. 1. sg. akārṣam [[AV. vii, 7, 1]] or akāriṣam [[RV. iv, 39, 6]]), to make mention of, praise, speak highly of (gen.), [RV.]; [AV.] : Intens. (1. sg. carkarmi, 1. pl. carkirāma, 3. pl. carkiran; Impv. 2. sg. carkṛtā́t and carkṛdhi; aor. 3. sg. Ā. cárkṛṣe) id., [RV.]; [AV.] (cf. kārú, kīrí, kīrtí.)

kṛ : to injure, &c. See √ 2. kṝ.

kṛ : 2. kṝ (or v.l. ) cl. 5. 9.P. Ā. kṛṇoti, °ṇute, °ṇāti, °ṇīte, to hurt, injure, kill, [Dhātup.]; [Vop. xvi, 2]; kṛṇváti, [Naigh. ii, 19.]

vṛdh : cl. 1. Ā. ([Dhātup. xviii, 20]) várdhate (Ved. and ep. also °ti; pf. vavárdha, vavṛdhe, [RV.] &c. &c. [Ved. also vāvṛ°; vavṛdhāti, °dhītā́s, °dhásva, [RV.]; vāvṛdhéte, [RV.]; p. vāvṛdhát or vavṛdhát, [RV.]; [AV.]; aor. Ved. avṛdhat, vṛdhātas, °dhātu; p. vṛdhát, °dhāná]; avardhiṣṭa, [MBh.] &c.; Prec. vardhiṣīmáhi, [VS.]; fut. vardhitā Gr.; vartsyati, [Kāv.]; vardhiṣyate Gr.; inf. Ved. vṛdhe [‘for increase’, ‘to make glad’], vṛdháse, vāvṛdhádhyai; Class. vardhitum; ind.p. vṛddhvā, or vardhitvā Gr.; in [MBh.] √ is sometimes confounded with √ 1. vṛt), trans. P., to increase, augment, strengthen, cause to prosper or thrive, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [MBh.]; to elevate, exalt, gladden, cheer, exhilarate (esp. the gods, with praise or sacrifice), [RV.]; (intrans. Ā.; in Ved. P. in pf. and aor.; in Class. P. in aor. fut. and cond.; also P. mc. in other forms), to grow, grow up, increase, be filled or extended, become longer or stronger, thrive, prosper, succeed, [RV.] &c. &c.; to rise, ascend (as the scale in ordeals), [Yājñ., Sch.]; to be exalted or elevated, feel animated or inspired or excited by (instr. loc. gen.) or in regard to (dat.), become joyful, have cause for congratulation (vṛdhaḥ, °dhat in sacrificial formulas = ‘mayest thou or may he prosper’; in later language often with diṣṭyā), [RV.] &c. &c.: Caus. vardháyati, °te (in later language also vardhāpayati; aor. Ved. avīvṛdhat, °dhata), to cause to increase or grow, augment, increase, make larger or longer, heighten, strengthen, further, promote (Ā. ‘for one's self’), [RV.] &c. &c.; to rear, cherish, foster, bring up, [ib.]; to elevate, raise to power, cause to prosper or thrive, [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [MBh.] &c.; to exalt, magnify, glorify (esp. the gods), make joyful, gladden (Ā. in Ved. also = to rejoice, be joyful, take delight in [instr.], enjoy, [RV.] &c. &c.; with or scil. diṣṭyā) to congratulate, [Kād.]; (cl. 10. accord. to [Dhātup. xxxiii, 109]) ‘to speak’ or ‘to shine’ (bhāṣārthe or bhāsārthe) : Desid. of Caus. See vivardhayiṣu: Desid. vivardhiṣate or vivṛtsati Gr.: Intens. varīvṛdhyate, varivṛdhīti, [ib.]

mad : base of the first pers. pron. in the sg. number (esp. in comp.)

mad : (cf. √ mand) cl. 4. P. ([Dhātup. xxvi, 99]) mā́dyati (ep. also °te; Ved. also cl. 1. P. Ā. madati, °te; cl. 3. P. mamátti, °ttu, mamádat, ámamaduḥ; Ved. Impv. mátsi, °sva; pf. mamā́da; aor. amādiṣuḥ, amatsuḥ, amatta; Subj. mátsati, °sat; fut. maditā, madiṣyati Gr.; Ved. inf. maditos), to rejoice, be glad, exult, delight or revel in (instr. gen. loc., rarely acc.), be drunk (also fig.) with (instr.), [RV.] &c. &c.; to enjoy heavenly bliss (said of gods and deceased ancestors), [RV.]; [TBr.]; to boil, bubble (as water), [RV.]; [TS.]; [ŚBr.]; [Hariv.]; to gladden, exhilarate, intoxicate, animate, inspire, [RV.] : Caus. mādáyati or madáyati, °te ([Dhātup. xxxiii, 31], [xix, 54]; aor. ámīmadat or amamadat; Ved. inf. mādayádhyai), to gladden, delight, satisfy, exhilarate, intoxicate, inflame, inspire, [RV.] &c. &c.; (Ā.) to be glad, rejoice, be pleased or happy or at ease, [RV.]; [VS.]; [Kauś.]; (Ā.) to enjoy heavenly bliss, [RV.]; [TBr.]; [BhP.] : Desid. mimadiṣati Gr.: Intens. māmadyate, māmatti, [ib.]

mad : [Perhaps orig. ‘to be moist’; cf. Gk. μαδάω; Lat. madere.]

mad : 2. mand or (only mamáttana, mamandhi, ámaman), to tarry, stand still, pause, [RV.] (cf. upa-ni-√ mand and ni-√ mad) : Caus. See mandaya.

vīra : vīrá m. a man, (esp.) a brave or eminent man, hero, chief (sometimes applied to gods, as to Indra, Viṣṇu &c.; pl. men, people, mankind, followers, retainers), [RV.] &c. &c.

vīra : a hero (as opp. to a god), [RTL. 272 n.]

vīra : a husband, [MBh.]; [R.]; [Pur.]

vīra : a male child, son (collectively male progeny), [RV.]; [AV.]; [Br.]; [GṛŚrS.]

vīra : the male of an animal, [AV.]; [ŚāṅkhŚr.]

vīra : (with, Tāntrikas) an adept (who is between the divya and the paśu, [RTL. 191]), [Rudray.]

vīra : (in dram.) heroism (as one of the 8 Rasas [q.v.]; the Vīra-carita [q.v.] exhibits an example), [Bhar.]; [Daśar.]; [Sāh.] &c.

vīra : an actor, [W.]

vīra : a partic. Agni (son of Tapas), [MBh.]

vīra : fire, (esp.) sacred or sacrificial fire, [L.]

vīra : N. of various plants (Terminalia Arunja; Nerium Odorum; Guilandina Bonduc, manioc-root), [L.]

vīra : N. of an Asura, [MBh.]

vīra : of a son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, [ib.]

vīra : of a son of Bharad-vāja, [ib.]

vīra : of a son of Puruṣa Vairāja and father of Priya-vrata and Uttāna-pāda, [Hariv.]

vīra : of a son of Gṛñjima, [ib.]

vīra : of two sons of Kṛṣṇa, [BhP.]

vīra : of a son of Kṣupa and father of Viviṃśa, [MārkP.]

vīra : of the father of Līlāvatī, [ib.]

vīra : of a teacher of Vinaya, [Buddh.]

vīra : of the last Arhat of the present Avasarpiṇī, [L.]

vīra : (also with bhaṭṭa, ācārya &c.) of various authors &c., [Cat.]

vīra : (pl.) of a class of gods under Manu Tāmasa, [BhP.]

vīra : vīrá n. (only [L.]) a reed (Arundo Tibialis)

vīra : the root of ginger (?)

vīra : pepper

vīra : rice-gruel

vīra : the root of Costus Speciosus, of Andropogon Muricatus &c.

vīra : vīrá mf(A)n. heroic, powerful, strong, excellent, eminent, [L.]

vīra : [cf. Lat. vir; Lith. výras; Goth. wair; Angl.Sax. wër, wëre-wulf; Eng. were-wolf; Germ. Werwolf, Wergeld.]

vidatha : vidátha n. knowledge, wisdom

vidatha : (esp.) ‘knowledge given to others’ i.e. instruction, direction, order, arrangement, disposition, rule, command (also pl.), [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.] (vidatham ā-√ vad, to impart knowledge, give instruction, rule, govern)

vidatha : a meeting, assembly (either for deliberating or for the observance of festive or religious rites i.e.) council, community, association, congregation, [ib.] (also applied to partic. associations or communities of gods, which in [RV. viii, 39, 1] &c. are opposed to those of men; in [RV. ii, 27, 8]; [vi, 51, 2] &c. three associations of gods are mentioned)

vidatha : a host, army, body of warriors (esp. applied to the Maruts), [RV.]

vidatha : war, fight, [ib.]

vidatha : m. a sage, scholar, [L.]

vidatha : a saint, devotee, ascetic (= yogin), [L.]

vidatha : = kṛtin, [L.]

vidatha : N. of a man, [Sāy.] on [RV. v, 33, 9.]

vidatha : (accord. to some for vidhātha fr. √ vidh, and orig. = ‘homage, worship, sacrifice’; accord. to others also = ‘house, household, &c.’).

ghṛṣvi : ghṛ́ṣvi mfn. id., [RV.]

ghṛṣvi : m. = °ṣṭi, a hog, [Uṇ. iv, 56.]