úpa ind. (a preposition or prefix to verbs and nouns, expressing) towards, near to (opposed to apa, away), by the side of, with, together with, under, down (e.g. upa-√ gam, to go near, undergo; upa-gamana, approaching; in the Veda the verb has sometimes to be supplied from the context, and sometimes is placed after the verb to which it belongs, e.g. āyayur upa = upāyayuḥ, they approached). (As unconnected with verbs and prefixed to nouns expresses) direction towards, nearness, contiguity in space, time, number, degree, resemblance, and relationship, but with the idea of subordination and inferiority (e.g. upa-kaniṣṭhikā, the finger next to the little finger; upa-purāṇam, a secondary or subordinate Purāṇa; upa-daśa, nearly ten)
sometimes forming with the nouns to which it is prefixed compound adverbs (e.g. upa-mūlam, at the root; upa-pūrva-rātram, towards the beginning of night; upa-kūpe, near a well) which lose their adverbial terminations if they are again compounded with nouns (e.g. upakūpa-jalāśaya, a reservoir in the neighbourhood of a well)
prefixed to proper names may express in classical literature ‘a younger brother’ (e.g. upendra, ‘the younger brother of Indra’), and in Buddhist literature ‘a son’. (As a separable adverb rarely expresses) thereto, further, moreover (e.g. tatropa brahma yo veda, who further knows the Brahman), [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [PārGṛ.] (As a separable preposition) near to, towards, in the direction of, under, below (with acc., e.g. upa āśāḥ, towards the regions)
near to, at, on, upon
at the time of, upon, up to, in, above (with loc., e.g. upa sānuṣu, on the tops of the mountains)
with, together with, at the same time with, according to (with inst., e.g. upa dharmabhiḥ, according to the rules of duty), [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.] , besides the meanings given above, is said by native authorities to imply disease, extinction; ornament; command; reproof; undertaking; giving; killing; diffusing; wish; power; effort; resemblance, &c.;
[cf. Zd. upa; Gk. ὑπό; Lat. sub; Goth. uf; Old Germ. oba; Mod. Germ. ob in Obdach, obliegen, &c.]
upa-√ bhū P. (pf. Pot. 2. sg. -babhūyās; aor. Subj. 2. sg. -bhuvas) to come near to, approach, [RV. x, 183, 2]; to help, assist, [RV. i, 138, 4] : Intens. -bubhūṣati, to wish to help, [MBh. xii, 3514.]
upa-√ dhā P. Ā. -dadhāti, -dhatte, to place or lay upon, place near to, put on or into; to place, lay, put, [RV. x, 87, 3]; [145, 6]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.]; [Mn.]; [Ragh.] &c.; to put to, yoke (horses), [RV. iv, 29, 4]; to give or make over, hand over (knowledge), teach, [Ragh.]; to impose, lay upon, commit, consign, [Ragh.]; to place under one's self, lie down upon, [R.]; to place in addition, add, connect, [AitBr.]; [ŚBr.]; [Lāṭy.] &c.; to communicate, cause to share in; to use, employ; (in Gr.) to lie or be placed close to, precede without the intervention of another syllable, [RPrāt.] &c.; to cause to rest upon or depend on [BhP.]
upa-√ dhṛ Caus. P. -dhārayati, to hold up, support, bear, [MBh.]; [Suśr.]; to hold as, consider as, regard, think, [MBh.]; [R.]; [Mn.] : [BhP.] &c.; to hold in the mind, reflect or meditate on [MBh.]; to perceive, comprehend, hear, experience, learn, [Suśr.]; [MBh.]; [BhP.]
upa-√ śī Ā. -śete, to lie near or by the side of (acc.), [RV. x, 18, 8]; [ŚBr.]; [Kauś.]; [MBh.]; to lie by the side of (for sexual intercourse), [ŚBr.]; [TS.]; [Kāṭh.]; [MBh. xiii]; to lie upon (loc.), [R. vi]; to do good, be suitable or useful, [Car.]
upa-√ 1. ci P. -cinoti, to gather together, [TS. i, 1, 7, 2]; to heap up, collect, hoard up, accumulate; to increase, strengthen, [MBh.]; [Kum.]; [Suśr.]; [Megh.] &c.; to pour over, cover, overload: Pass. -cīyate, to be heaped together or accumulated; to increase, become strong, [MBh.]; [Suśr.]; [Rājat.]; [Hit.] &c.; to gain advantage, succeed, be prosperous, [Mn. viii, 169]; to be covered with; to cover one's self, furnish one's self with, [MBh.]; [Suśr.]
upa-√ dā P. -dadāti, to give in addition, add; to give, grant, offer, [RV. vi, 28, 2]; [AV. iv, 21, 2]; [xix, 34, 8]; [R.]; to take upon one's self: Pass. (irr. p. -dadyámāna) to be offered or granted (as protection), [RV. vi, 49, 13.]
upa-dā́ mfn. giving a present, [VS. xxx, 9]
upa-dā (ā), f. a present, offering (esp. a respectful present to a king or person of rank)
upa-√ gā (for 2. See upa-√ gai) P. -gāti (Subj. -gāt; 3. pl. -gus; aor. 1. sg. -geṣam, [VS. v, 5]) to go near to, arrive at; to come into, undergo, [RV. i, 164, 4]; [vii, 93, 3]; [AV.]; to go, walk (pathā́, a way), [RV. i, 38, 5]; [VS.]; [ŚBr.]
upa-gā f. accompaniment of a song, [KātyŚr.]; [Lāṭy.]; [Jaim.]
upa-√ gai P. -gāyati (Impv. 2. pl. -gāyatā or -gāyata, [RV.]) to sing to any one (dat. or acc.); to join in singing, accompany a song; to sing before, sing, praise in song, celebrate, ‘fill with song’, [RV. viii, 32, 17]; [ix, 11, 1]; [AV. iv, 15, 4]; [TS.]; [ŚBr.] &c., [MBh.]; [BhP.] &c.; to sing near: Pass. -gīyate (p. -gīyámāna, [RV.]; [MBh.]; and -gīyat [irr.] [MBh. xv, 883]) to be sung or praised in song; to be sung before, [RV. viii, 70, 5]; [MBh.]
upa-√ hṛ P. -harati, to bring near, reach forth, proffer, offer, place before, give to taste (esp. food), [AV.]; [TBr.]; [ŚBr.]; [ĀśvŚr.] & [ĀśvGṛ.]; [KātyŚr.]; [MBh.]; [Suśr.] &c.; to put together, gather, collect, [MBh.]; [BhP.]; to apply (medicine), [Suśr.]; to take away; to destroy, [MBh. ii] : Ā. -harate, to accept, receive, [TS. v] : Caus. -hārayati, to place before, proffer, offer, [MBh.]; [R.]; [Suśr.] : Desid. jihīrṣati, to wish to offer, [MBh. ii, 862.]
upa-já (for 2. See p. 198, col. 1) mfn. (√ jan), additional, accessory, [ŚBr. i, 1, 1, 10] ([Sāy.] reads upa-cám [√ ci]; see [Weber]'s extracts from the Comm. on the above passage, where, [T.] reads correctly tricatura-māsād āropitam instead of tṛcaturān mākhābapitam [?]).
upa-ja mfn. (for 1. See s.v.) produced or coming from, [Gaut. xii, 36], &c.
upa-√ kṝ P. -kirati, to scatter or throw down, scatter upon; to pour upon, besprinkle, bestrew, [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.]; [MBh.] &c.; upa-s-kṝ (with s inserted or perhaps original) P. -skirati, to cut up, split; to hurt, [Pāṇ.]; [Vop.], [Kāś.]
upa-√ 1. kṛ P. Ā. -karoti, -kurute, to bring or put near to, furnish with, provide, [Mn.]; [Vikr.]; [Ratnāv.]; to assist, help, favour, benefit, cause to succeed or prosper, [R.]; [Mn.]; [Megh.] &c.; to foster, take care of; to serve, do homage to (with acc.; only Ā. by, [Pāṇ. i, 3, 32]; but See [MBh. i, 6408]), [ŚBr.]; [Rājat.] &c.; to undertake, begin, set about, [R.]; to scold, insult, [Vop. xxiii, 25]; upa-skṛ (s inserted or perhaps original) Ā. -skurute, to add, supply, [Pāṇ.]; [Vop.]; [Siddh.]; to furnish with; to prepare, elaborate, arrange, get ready; to adorn, decorate, ornament; to deform, disfigure, derange, disorder, spoil; to take care for, [Pāṇ.]; [Bhaṭṭ.], [Kāś.]; to bring together, assemble.
upamā́ (for 2. See below, and for 3. See col. 3) ind. (Ved. instr. of the above) in the closest proximity or neighbourhood, [RV. i, 31, 15]; [viii, 69, 13.]
upa-√ mā P. Ā. (Impv. 2. sg. -mimīhi, -māhi, and -māsva; Subj. 2. sg. -māsi) to measure out to, apportion to, assign, allot, grant, give, [RV.] : Ā. -mimīte, to measure one thing by another, compare, [MBh.]; [Hariv.]; [Caurap.] &c.
upa-mā́ f. comparison, resemblance, equality, similarity
a resemblance (as a picture, portrait &c.), [ŚBr.]; [MBh.]; [Kum.] &c.
a particular figure in rhetoric, simile, comparison (a full simile must include four things; see pūrṇopama, luptopamā, &c.), [Sāh.]; [Kāvyād.]; [Vām.] &c.
a particle of comparison, [Nir.]
a particular metre, [RPrāt.]
upa-mā (mfn. ifc.) equal, similar, resembling, like (e.g. amaropama mfn. resembling an immortal), [MBh.]; [Ragh.]; [Daś.]; [Hit.] &c.
upa-√ nī P. Ā. -nayati, -te (Ā. Pot. -nayīta, [HirGṛ. i, 1, 2]; p. -náyamāna, [AV.]) to lead or drive near, bring near, bring, adduce, offer, [RV. ii, 3, 10]; [iii, 35, 3]; [ŚBr.]; [TBr.]; [MBh.]; [Mn.]; [Ragh.]; to bring information, communicate; to lead or bring near to one's self, take possession of [R.]; [Kathās.]; to lead, guide, [MBh.]; [BhP.]; to lead or draw towards one's self (said of the Guru who, in the ceremony of initiation, draws the boy towards himself); to initiate into one of the twice-born classes by investing with the sacred thread &c. (only Ā. [Pāṇ. i, 3, 36]), [AV. xi, 5, 3]; [ŚBr.]; [ĀśvGṛ.]; [ŚāṅkhGṛ.] &c., [Mn.] &c.; to bring about, produce, cause, [Gīt.]; [Prab.]; [Sāh.]; to bring into any state, reduce to, [R.]; [Hariv.]; [Kām.] &c.; to take into one's service (only Ā. [Pāṇ. i, 3, 36]) : Caus. -nāyayati, to cause to initiate (a pupil), [Mn. xi, 191.]
upa-nī (upa-ni-√ i) P. -ny-eti, to enter into, move towards, [ŚBr.]
úpara m. the lower stone on which the Soma is laid (that it may be ground by means of another stone held in the hand), [RV. i, 79, 3]; [x, 94, 5]; [175, 3]; [AV.]
the lower part of the sacrificial post, [VS.]; [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.]
upári ind. (as a separable adverb) above, upon, on, upwards, towards the upper side of (opposed to adhas and nīcā, e.g. upari-√ yā, to go upwards; sometimes written with a following word as if compounded with it, see below);
besides, in addition to, further (sahasraṃ śatāny upari cāṣṭau, 1000 and 800 in addition)
afterwards (e.g. upari payaḥ pibet, he should drink milk afterwards)
upary upari, higher and higher
repeatedly, continuously, [RV.] &c. (As a separable preposition, with acc. loc., or gen.) over, above, upon, on, at the head of, on the upper side of, beyond (e.g. upari śailaṃ-√ gam, to go over the mountain; upari laṅkāyāṃ samprāptaḥ saḥ, he arrived over Laṅkā; upary upari sarveṣām atiṣṭhat, he stood at the very head of all; ātmānaṃ tasya upari kṣiptvā, having thrown himself upon him)
in connection with, with reference to, with regard to, towards (with gen., e.g. mamopari vikāritaḥ, changed in feeling with regard to me; putrasyopari kruddhaḥ, enraged towards his son)
after (with abl., e.g. muhūrtād upari, after a minute; see also tad-upari &c.), [RV.] &c.;
[cf. Zend upairi; Goth. ufar; Old Germ. obar; Mod. Germ. über; Eng. over; Gk. ὑπέρ; Lat. super.]
may stand first in a compound, as in the following examples:
upa-√ sṛ P. -sarati, to go towards, step near, approach, visit, [TBr.] & [Up.]; [AitBr.]; [MBh.]; [Ragh.]; [Vikr.] &c.; to approach (sexually), [MBh. iii]; to set about, undertake, [ŚāṅkhBr.]; [ChUp.]
upa-√ yā P. -yāti (inf. -yaí, opposed to ava-yaí See ava-√ yā) to come up, [RV. viii, 47, 12]; to come near, go near or towards, approach (for protection), visit, frequent, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ĀśvGṛ.]; [MBh.]; [BhP.]; [Kathās.] &c.; to approach (a woman for sexual intercourse), [MBh.]; [R.] &c.; to arrive at, reach, obtain, to get into any state or condition, [MBh.]; [VarBṛS.]; [Ragh.] &c.; to occur, befall, [Hit.]; to give one's self up to, [VP.]
upa-√ 2. bhuj Ā. -bhuṅkte, (ep. also -bhuñjate) to enjoy, eat, eat up, consume, [MBh.]; [Yājñ.]; [Pañcat.] &c.; to enjoy, make use of, partake of; to experience (happiness or misfortune &c.), [MBh.]; [Hariv.]; [Mn.]; [BhP.] &c.; to enjoy (a woman), [Hariv.]; [Kathās.]; [Pañcat.] &c.; to receive as a reward, [Mn. xii, 8]; [R. vi, 98, 29] : P. (1. pl. -bhuñjāmas) to be useful, [ChUp. iv, 11, 2] : Caus. -bhojayati, to cause to take (medicine), [Suśr.]
upa-√ dhāv Ā. (p. -dhā́vamāna) to run; to soar, [RV. viii, 3, 21] : P. -dhāvati, to run near, approach hastily; to have recourse to for assistance, [TS.]; [ŚBr.]; [TāṇḍyaBr.]; [MBh.]; [R.]; [BhP.] &c.
upa-√ śak P. (pf. 1. pl. -śekima) to be able to bring into one's power, master, be superior, [AV. vi, 114, 2]; [3] [= [TBr. ii, 4, 4, 9]] : Desid. P. -śikṣati, to endeavour to bring into one's power, master or subdue; to bring or draw near, call near, allure; to bring into one's possession, [RV.]; [AV. vii, 12, 1]; [xi, 8, 17]; [TBr.]; [TāṇḍyaBr.] : Ā. -śikṣate, to try, undertake, [ŚāṅkhBr.]; to endeavour to help or serve, offer one's service, [MBh.]; to learn, inquire into, [MBh.]; [BhP.] : Caus. of Desid. P. -śikṣayati, to teach, train, [BhP.]
upa-√ śam P. Ā. -śāmyati, -te, to become calm or quiet; to cease, become extinct, [AitBr.]; [Kauś.]; [ĀśvGṛ.]; [ChUp.]; [MBh.] &c.: Caus. -śamayati and ep. -śāmayati, to make quiet, calm, extinguish; to tranquillize, appease, pacify, mitigate, [MBh.]; [VarBṛS.]; [Daś.] &c.
upa-√ śri P. -śrayati, to lean (anything) against, [TBr. i, 6, 6, 2]; [ŚBr. xiv]; [KātyŚr.]: Ā. -śrayate (p. of the pf. -śiśriyāṇá) to lean against, support, prop, [RV. x, 18, 12]; to cling to, fit closely (as an ornament), [RV. vii, 56, 13]; to place one's self near to, go towards, [MBh.]; [BhP.]; to accommodate one's self to, [ChUp. vi, 8, 2.]
upa-√ śuṣ P. -śuṣyati, to dry up, [TS. iii, 1, 10, 3]; [Suśr.]; [Car.] : Caus. -śoṣayati, to cause to dry up or shrink, make dry or withered, [Āp.]; [MBh.]; [Kathās.]
upa-√ bṛh Intens. P. (Subj. -bárbṛhat; Impv. 2. sg. -barbṛhi) to press with the arms or cling closely (to a man dat.); to embrace closely or passionately, [RV. v, 61, 5]; [x, 10, 10]; [Nir.] (cf. upa-√ vṛṃh.)
upa-√ brū Ā. -brūte (once P. impf. 1. sg. -abravam, [RV. viii, 24, 14]) to speak to, address; to invoke for, entreat, ask for; to persuade, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [MBh.]
upa-√ car P. -carati, to go towards, come near, approach, [RV. vii, 46, 2]; [TS. v, 7, 6, 1]; [ŚBr.]; [R.]; to come near, wait upon, serve, attend, assist, bear a hand, [ŚBr.]; [MBh.]; [Mṛcch.]; [Daś.] &c.; to approach, set about, undertake, perform, [TS. iii, 1, 6, 1]; [ŚBr.]; to attend on (a patient), physic (a person), treat, tend, nurse, [Suśr.]; [Pañcat.]; to use figuratively or metaphorically, apply figuratively (generally Pass. -caryate), [VarBṛS.]; [Sāh.]; [Sarvad.] &c.
upa-√ das P. -dasyati (Subj. -dasat, [RV. i, 139, 5]; [AV. v, 30, 15]) to fail, be wanting, be extinguished or exhausted, dry up, [RV.]; [AV. iii, 29, 2], [6]; [v, 30, 15]; [TS. i, 6, 3, 3]; [ŚBr.]; [TāṇḍyaBr.]; [GopBr.]; [Kauś.]; to want, lose, be deprived of (instr.), [AV. xii, 4, 2] : Caus. -dāsayati, to cause to fail or cease, extinguish, [AV. xii, 5, 27]; [52]; [TBr.]; [Nir.]
upa-√ dṛś P. (aor. Subj. 2. du. -darśathas, [RV.]) to descry, perceive, [RV. viii, 26, 4]; to look at or regard (with indifference), [MBh.] : Pass. -dṛśyate (aor. -adarśi; 3. pl. -adṛśran, [RV.]) to be perceived, be or become visible, appear, [RV. i, 124, 4]; [vii, 67, 2]; [TāṇḍyaBr.]; [BhP.] : Caus. -darśayati, to cause to see, show, exhibit, [MBh.]; [Ragh.]; [Kathās.]; [Prab.] &c.; to cause to appear, present a false show, deceive, illude, [Kathās. xix, 75]; [Rājat.]; to explain, illustrate, [Yājñ. ii, 8.]
upa-√ dru P. -dravati (aor. -ádudrot, [RV.]) to run near or towards; to run at, rush at, oppress, assault, attack, [RV. ii, 30, 3]; [iv, 16, 1]; [AV. vii, 73, 6]; [xviii, 2, 23]; [TS.]; [ChUp.]; to sing the Upa-drava or fourth of the five parts of a Sāman stanza, [AitĀr. ii, 3, 4, 3.]
upa-√ gam P. -gacchati (inf. -gantavaí, [RV. x, 160, 5]) to go near to, come towards, approach, arrive at, reach, attain, visit (with acc. and rarely dat.), [RV.]; [ŚBr.]; [MBh.] &c.; to come upon, attack; to press hard upon, [RV. i, 53, 9]; [MBh.]; [Mṛcch.] &c.; to occur, happen, present itself, [R.]; [Megh.]; [Pañcat.] &c.; to undertake, begin, [ŚBr.]; [R.]; to approach (a woman sexually), [MBh.]; [Mn.]; to enter any state or relation, undergo, obtain, participate in, make choice of, suffer, [MBh.]; [Yājñ.]; [Kum.]; [Mālav.] &c.; to admit, agree to, allow, confess: Caus. -gamayati, to cause to come near or approach, [Daś.] : Desid. -jigamiṣati, to wish to approach, desire to go, [BhP.]
upa-√ han P. -hanti Ā. -jighnate, to beat, hit at, strike, touch, [RV. vi, 75, 13]; [ŚBr. vi], [xiv]; [Lāṭy.]; [ĀśvGṛ.]; [MBh. ii]; to stick on, put on, force in, ram, [TS. ii]; [TBr. i]; [ŚBr.]; [ŚāṅkhŚr.]; to take hold of, seize, take out; to hit, hurt, damage, visit, afflict, impede, spoil, [TBr. iii]; [AitBr.]; [MBh.]; [Mn.] &c.; to make a mistake in reciting, blunder, [AitBr. iii, 35, 3]; [ŚāṅkhBr.] : Pass. -hanyate, [ib.]; [TS. vii, 3, 1, 1]; 2.
upa-√ has P. -hasati, to laugh at, deride, ridicule, [MBh.]; [L.]; [Mṛcch.]; [Pañcat.] &c.; to smile: Caus. -hāsayati, to deride, ridicule, [BhP.]; [Kathās.]
upa-√ hve only Ā. ([Pāṇ. i, 3, 30]) -hvayate (rarely P. [Kathās.]; [BhP.]) to call near to, invite, [RV.]; [AV.]; [TS.]; [ŚBr.] &c.; to call up, invoke, [AV. vi, 23, 1]; [VS. iii, 42]; to call to, cheer, encourage, [AitBr. iii, 20, 1]; [ĀśvŚr. ii, 16, 18] : Desid. -juhūṣati, to wish to call near, [ŚāṅkhBr.]
upa-√ jīv P. -jīvati (3. pl. -jī́vanti) to live or exist upon (food), subsist, support one's self on, be supported by, [RV. i, 190, 5]; [AV.]; [TS.]; [ŚBr.]; [TBr.]; [MBh.]; [Pañcat.] &c. ; to derive profit from, make use of (with acc.), [Yājñ.]; [BhP.]; [MārkP.] &c.; to live under, be dependent on, serve, [MBh.]; [BhP.]; [Śiś.] &c.; to live for a profession, practice, [Mn.]; [MBh.]; [BhP.] &c.: Caus. -jīvayati, to use, make the most of [Kathās. lxi, 268.]
upa-√ jan Ā. -jā́yate, to be produced or originate in addition; to be added or put to, [RV. i, 25, 8]; [TāṇḍyaBr.]; [ĀśvŚr.]; [ŚāṅkhŚr.]; [RPrāt.] &c.; to follow (as a consequence), [Sarvad.]; to be born, originate, come forth, appear, become visible, happen, [MBh.]; [BhP.]; [Mn.]; [Hit.]; [Suśr.] &c.; to be born again, [MBh. xiii, 6689]; [Yājñ. iii, 256]; [Bhag.]; to exist, be, [Pañcat.]; [Hit.] : Caus. -janayati, to generate, produce; to cause, effect, [TāṇḍyaBr.]; [Prab.]; [Mālav.]; [Sarvad.]
upa-√ jap P. -japati, to whisper (karṇe, or karṇam, into anybody's ear), [MBh.]; [R.]; to bring over to one's own party (by secretly suggesting anything into the ear); to instigate to rebellion or treachery, [MBh. xii, 2633]; [Mn. vii, 197]; [Daś.]; [Kathās.] &c.