the fifth letter and third short vowel of the alphabet, pronounced as the u in full.
ind. an interjection of compassion, anger, [L.]
a particle implying assent, calling, command, [L.]
ind. an enclitic copula used frequently in the Vedas;
(as a particle implying restriction and antithesis, generally after pronominals, prepositions, particles, and before nu and su, equivalent to) and, also, further; on the other hand (especially in connexion with a relative, e.g. ya u, he on the contrary who &c.)
This particle may serve to give emphasis, like id and eva, especially after prepositions or demonstrative pronouns, in conjunction with nu, vai, hi, cid, &c. (e.g. ayám u vām purutámo … johavīti [[RV. iii, 62, 2]], this very person [your worshipper] invokes you &c.) It is especially used in the figure of speech called Anaphora, and particularly when the pronouns are repeated (e.g. tám u stuṣa índram tám gṛṇīṣe [[RV. ii, 20, 4]], him I praise, Indra, him I sing). It may be used in drawing a conclusion, like the English ‘now’ (e.g. tád u táthā ná kuryāt [[ŚBr. v, 2, 2, 3]], that now he should not do in such a manner), and is frequently found in interrogative sentences (e.g. ká u tác ciketa [[RV. i, 164, 48]], who, I ask, should know that?)
Pāṇini calls this particle uñ to distinguish it from the interrogative . In the Pada-pāṭha it is written ūm.
In the classical language occurs only after atha, na, and kim, with a slight modification of the sense, and often only as an expletive (see kim);
— or — uta, on the one hand — on the other hand; partly — partly; as well — as.
cl. 5. P. unoti (see vy-u, [RV. v, 31, 1]) : cl. 2. Ā. (1. sg. uvé, [RV. x, 86, 7]) : cl. 1. Ā. avate, [Dhātup.]; to call to, hail; to roar, bellow (see also ota = ā-uta).
cl. 4. P. ucyati (pf. 2. sg. uvócitha, [RV. vii, 37, 3]) Ā. (pf. 2. sg. ūciṣé, [RV.]) to take pleasure in, delight in, be fond of [RV.]; to be accustomed; to be suitable, suit, fit.
a particle and prefix to verbs and nouns. (As implying superiority in place, rank, station, or power) up, upwards
upon, on
over, above. (As implying separation and disjunction) out, out of, from, off, away from, apart. (According to native authorities may also imply publicity, pride, indisposition, weakness, helplessness, binding, loosing, existence, acquisition.) is not used as a separable adverb or preposition
in those rare cases, in which it appears in the Veda uncompounded with a verb, the latter has to be supplied from the context (e.g. úd útsam śatádhāram, [AV. iii, 24, 4], out (pour) a fountain of a hundred streams). is sometimes repeated in the Veda to fill out the verse, [Pāṇ. viii, 1, 6] (kiṃ na ud ud u harṣase dātavā u, [Kāś.] on [Pāṇ.])
, [cf. Zend uz; Hib. uas and in composition os, ois, e.g. os-car, ‘a leap, bound’, &c. See also uttamá, 1. úttara, &c.]
or und cl. 7. P. unátti ([RV. v, 85, 4]) : cl. 6. P. undati (p. undát, [RV. ii, 3, 2] : Impv. 3. pl. undantu, [AV. vi, 68, 1]; [2]) Ā. undáte ([AV. v, 19, 4]; undāṃ cakāra, undiṣyati &c., [Dhātup. xxix, 20]) to flow or issue out, spring (as water); to wet, bathe, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.]; [ĀśvGṛ.]; [PārGṛ.] &c.: Caus. (aor. aundidat, [Vop. xviii, 1]) : Desid. undidiṣati, [Kāś.] on [Pāṇ. vi, 1, 3]; [cf. Gk. ὕδωρ; Lat. unda; Goth. vat-o; Old High Germ. waz-ar; Mod. Eng. wat-er; Lith. wand-ū́.]
cl. 1. P. (connected with 3. vas, q.v.) oṣati, oṣāṃ-cakāra, and uvoṣa ([Pāṇ. iii, 1, 38]; 3. pl. ūṣuḥ, [Kāś.] on [Pāṇ. vi, 4, 78]), oṣitā, oṣiṣyati, auṣīt, [Dhātup. xvii, 45] : cl. 9. P. (p. uṣṇát, [RV. ii, 4, 7]) to burn, burn down (active), [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [Mn. iv, 189]; [Śiś.]; to punish, chastise, [Mn. ix, 273] : Pass. uṣyate, oṣāṃ-cakre, to burn (neuter), [Suśr.]; [Car.]; [Bhaṭṭ.]
úṣ f. (only ás gen. sg.) early morning, dawn, [RV.]; [AV. xvi, 6, 6]
pl. (uṣás tisráḥ morning, midday, and evening, [RV. viii, 41, 3.])
ud-e (ud-ā-√ i) P. -éti (Impv. 2. sg. udéhi, [AV. v, 30, 11], &c.) to go up, rise, arise from, come up, move upwards, [RV. vi, 5, 1]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [ChUp.]; to move out, come out of, go out, [ŚBr.]; [VS.]; to arise, be produced.
ud-√ ṛ P. -iyarti (pf. 2. sg. -ā́rithā, [RV. ii, 9, 3]; aor. -ārat, [RV. iv, 58, 1]) Ā. (aor. -ārta, [RV. vii, 35, 7]) to start up, rise, come up; to move up, raise, excite, [RV. i, 113, 17]; [iii, 8, 5], &c. : Caus. -arpayati, to cause to rise or prosper, [RV. ii, 33, 4]; [KātyŚr.]
ud-√ i P. -éti, -etum (and úd-etos, [Maitr. i, 6, 10]) to go up to, proceed or move up, proceed, [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.]; to rise (as the sun or a star &c.), [RV.]; [VS.]; [ŚBr.]; [ChUp.]; [VarBṛS.] &c.; to come up (as a cloud), [Mṛcch.]; [R.]; to start up, rise up against, march off, [AV. iii, 4, 1]; [MBh.]; [Kum.]; to rise, raise one's self; to increase, be enhanced; to be conceited or proud, [R.]; [Ragh.]; [Śiś. ii, 33]; [RPrāt.] &c. ; to go out of; to come out or arise from, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [Ragh.] &c.; to escape, [ChUp.]; [Śak.] &c.: Pass. (impers. -īyate) to be risen, [Subh.]
cl. 1. P. Ā. ukṣáti, ukṣáte (p. úkṣat, [RV. i, 114, 7], and ukṣamāṇa, [AV. iii, 12, 1]; [RV. iv, 42, 4] &c.; ukṣāṃ-cakāra [[Bhaṭṭ.]; for vavákṣa &c. See √ vakṣ]; aúkṣat and aúkṣīt, ukṣitum) to sprinkle, moisten, wet, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [MBh.] &c.; to sprinkle or scatter in small drops; to emit; to throw out, scatter (as sparks), [RV.]; [AV.] &c.; to emit seed (as a bull); to be strong, [RV. i, 114, 7]; [x, 55, 7], &c. : Caus. Ā. ukṣayate, to strengthen, [RV. vi, 17, 4];
úmā f. (perhaps fr. √ ve, [BRD.]) flax (Linum Usitatissimum), [ŚBr. vi]; [Kauś.]; [Pāṇ.]
turmeric (Curcuma Longa), [Car.]
N. of the daughter of Himavat (wife of the god Śiva; also called Pārvatī and Durgā; the name is said to be derived from u mā, ‘O [child], do not [practise austerities]’ the exclamation addressed to Pārvatī by her mother), [Hariv. 946]; [ŚivaP.]; [Kum. i, 26]; [R.]; [Ragh.] &c.
úpa ind. (a preposition or prefix to verbs and nouns, expressing) towards, near to (opposed to apa, away), by the side of, with, together with, under, down (e.g. upa-√ gam, to go near, undergo; upa-gamana, approaching; in the Veda the verb has sometimes to be supplied from the context, and sometimes is placed after the verb to which it belongs, e.g. āyayur upa = upāyayuḥ, they approached). (As unconnected with verbs and prefixed to nouns expresses) direction towards, nearness, contiguity in space, time, number, degree, resemblance, and relationship, but with the idea of subordination and inferiority (e.g. upa-kaniṣṭhikā, the finger next to the little finger; upa-purāṇam, a secondary or subordinate Purāṇa; upa-daśa, nearly ten)
sometimes forming with the nouns to which it is prefixed compound adverbs (e.g. upa-mūlam, at the root; upa-pūrva-rātram, towards the beginning of night; upa-kūpe, near a well) which lose their adverbial terminations if they are again compounded with nouns (e.g. upakūpa-jalāśaya, a reservoir in the neighbourhood of a well)
prefixed to proper names may express in classical literature ‘a younger brother’ (e.g. upendra, ‘the younger brother of Indra’), and in Buddhist literature ‘a son’. (As a separable adverb rarely expresses) thereto, further, moreover (e.g. tatropa brahma yo veda, who further knows the Brahman), [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [PārGṛ.] (As a separable preposition) near to, towards, in the direction of, under, below (with acc., e.g. upa āśāḥ, towards the regions)
near to, at, on, upon
at the time of, upon, up to, in, above (with loc., e.g. upa sānuṣu, on the tops of the mountains)
with, together with, at the same time with, according to (with inst., e.g. upa dharmabhiḥ, according to the rules of duty), [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.] , besides the meanings given above, is said by native authorities to imply disease, extinction; ornament; command; reproof; undertaking; giving; killing; diffusing; wish; power; effort; resemblance, &c.;
[cf. Zd. upa; Gk. ὑπό; Lat. sub; Goth. uf; Old Germ. oba; Mod. Germ. ob in Obdach, obliegen, &c.]
(upa-√ i) P. -aiti, to go or come or step near, approach, betake one's self to, arrive at, meet with, turn towards, [RV.]; [AV.]; [TS.]; [ŚBr.]; [MBh.]; [Śak.] &c.; to approach (any work), undergo, set about, undertake, perform (a sacrifice), devote one's self to, [RV. ii, 2, 11]; [AV. ix, 6, 4]; [VS.]; [AitBr.]; [ŚBr.]; to come near to, reach, obtain, enter into any state, fall into; undergo, suffer, [RV. iv, 33, 2]; [ŚBr.]; [AitBr.]; [Ragh.]; [Pañcat.] &c.; to approach sexually, [TS. ii], [v]; [Mn. ix, 4]; [xi, 172]; [MBh.]; [Suśr.]; [Kathās.]; to approach a teacher, become a pupil, [ŚBr. x], [xi]; [BṛĀrUp.]; [ChUp.]; to occur, be present, make one's appearance, [RPrāt.]; [R.]; to happen, fall to one's share, befall, incur, [RV. i, 167, 1]; [vii, 84, 3]; [Hit.]; [Bhag.] &c.; to join (in singing), [ŚāṅkhŚr.]; to regard as, admit, acknowledge, [Sāh.] Comm. on [Nyāyam.]; to comprehend, understand, [Sarvad.] : Intens. Ā. (1. pl. -īmahe) to implore (a god), [RV. x, 24, 2.]
(upa-ā-√ i) P. -eti, to approach, come near or towards, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; to apply to, implore, [RV. viii, 20, 22]; (with śaraṇam) to approach for protection; to approach sexually, [MBh.]; to reach, obtain, strive to obtain, [Bhartṛ.]
often used for the sake of emphasis, especially at the end of a line after iti or a verb (e.g. sarva-bhūtāni tam pārtha sadā paribhavanty uta, all creatures, O king, certainly always despise him, [MBh. iii, 1026]), [MBh.]; [Bhag.] &c. (As an interrogative particle, generally at the beginning of the second or following part of a double interrogation) or, utrum-an (e.g. katham nirṇīyate kiṃ syān niṣkāraṇo bandhur uta viśvāsa-ghātakaḥ, how can it be decided whether he be a friend without a motive or a violator of confidence? [Hit.]), [Kum.]; [Kathās.]; [Bhartṛ.]; [Sāh.] &c.
in this sense it may be strengthened by āho (e.g. kaccit tvam asi mānuṣī utāho surāṅganā, art thou a mortal woman or divine? Nala), or by āho-svit (e.g. śālihotraḥ kiṃ nu syād utāhosvid rājā nalaḥ, can it be Śālihotra or king Nala?) Rarely kim is repeated before used in this sense (e.g. kim nu svargāt prāptā tasyā rūpeṇa kimutānyāgatā, has she arrived from heaven or has another come in her form? [Mṛcch.]), [Amar.]; [MBh.] &c. (As a particle of wishing, especially at the beginning of a sentence followed by a potential) would that! utinam! (e.g. utādhīyīta, would that he would read!) ( preceded by kim) on the contrary, how much more, how much less (e.g. samartho 'si sahasram api jetuṃ kimutaikam, thou art able to conquer even a thousand, how much more one, [R.]), [Śak.]; [Vikr.]; [Ragh.] &c. ( preceded by prati) on the contrary, rather (e.g. eṣa pṛṣṭo 'smābhir na jalpati hanti praty-uta pāṣāṇaiḥ, this one questioned by us does not speak, but rather throws stones at us), [Kathās.]; [Pañcat.] &c.
uta vā, or else, and (e.g. samudrād uta vā purīṣāt, from the sea or from the moisture in the air)
vā — uta vā or utāho vāpi — vā, either — or
— , both — and (e.g. uta balavān utābalaḥ, both the strong and the weak)
ud-√ ās Ā. -āste, to sit separate or away from, sit on one side or apart; to abstain from participating in; to take no interest in, be unconcerned about, be indifferent or passive, [MBh.]; [BhP.]; [Śiś.] &c.; to pass by, omit, [Sarvad.]
ud-√ bhū P. -bhavati, to come up to, reach, be equal, [ŚBr.]; [TBr.]; to rise, rise against, [Kathās.]; to come forth, arise, exist, spring from, [MBh.]; [Kathās.]; [Hariv.]; [Rājat.] &c.; to shoot forth, increase, grow larger, thrive, [MaitrUp.]; [Naiṣ.] : Caus. -bhāvayati, to cause to exist, produce, [Ragh. ii, 62]; [Vedāntas.]; to make apparent, show, explain, [MBh.]; [Sāh.] &c.; to speak of, mention, [Prasannar.] Comm. on [Bādar.]; to consider, think (with two acc.), [Vcar. ix, 19.]
ud-bhū mf(BvI/)n(Bu/). ‘being up to what is wanted’, sufficient
ud-√ bhṛ P. Ā. -bharati, -te (pf. -jabhāra pres. p. -bhárat; but -bibhrat, [Gīt. i, 16]) to take or carry away or out, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; to take for one's self, choose, select, [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.]; to raise up, elevate, [RV. viii, 19, 23]; to carry above, raise up, [Gīt.]
ud-√ dhū P. Ā. -dhūnoti and -dhunoti, -nute, to rouse up, shake up, move, cause to rise (dust), [RV. x, 23, 4]; [MBh.]; [R.]; [Ragh.]; [VarBṛS.] &c.; to throw upwards, lift up, [MBh.]; [Kathās.] &c.; to kindle; to disturb, excite, [MBh.] &c.; to shake off, throw off; to expel.
ud-√ dhṛ P. Ā. -dharati, -te (in many cases not to be distinguished from 2. ud-dhṛ below ; the impf. and pf. are the only forms clearly referable to this root), to bring out of, draw out, [MBh.]; [R.]; to raise up, elevate, honour (see also 2. ud-dhṛ below) : Desid. -didhīrṣati, to wish to draw out, [Caṇḍak.]; [Siddh.]
ud-dhṛ (ud-√ hṛ, in some cases not to be distinguished from 1. ud-√ dhṛ) P. Ā. -dharati, -te (p. -dhárat, [RV.]; pf. 3. pl. új-jaharus, [AV. iii, 9, 6]; aor. -ahārṣam, [AV.]) to take out, draw out, bring or tear out, pull out, eradicate; to extricate, [RV. x, 68, 4]; [AV. viii, 2, 15]; [xx, 136, 16]; [ĀśvGṛ.]; [KātyŚr.]; [MBh.]; [Śak.] &c.; to draw, ladle up, skim, [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [Lāṭy.]; [R.]; to take away (fire, or anything from the fire), [TS.]; [AitBr.]; [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.] &c.; to raise, lift up, [TS.]; [ĀśvGṛ.]; [MBh.]; [Mn.] &c.; to rescue (from danger &c.), deliver, free, save, [AV. viii, 2, 28]; [MaitrUp.]; [MBh.]; [Vikr.] &c.; to put away or off, remove; to separate, [MBh.]; [BhP.]; [Suśr.] &c.; to leave out, omit; to except (see ud-dhṛtya); to select, choose: Ā. to take for one's self, [AV. iii, 9, 6]; [TS.]; [AitBr.]; [ŚBr.]; [MBh.]; [Mn.] &c.; to extend, elevate, raise; to make strong or brisk or quick, [MBh.]; [Suśr.]; [MārkP.] &c.; to present, offer, [Yājñ. i, 159]; [BhP. iv, 30, 47]; to root out, destroy, undo, [MBh.]; [Ragh.]; [Prab.] &c.; to divide (in math.) : Caus. -dhārayati, to raise, up-lift, [MBh.]; to take for one's self, [MBh. xiv, 1928] : Desid. uj-jihīrṣati, to wish to draw out or to rescue, [Mn. iv, 251]; [MBh.]
ud-√ īr Ā. -īrte (3. pl. -ī́rate, [RV.]; [AV.]; Impv. 2. sg. -īrṣva, [RV. x, 18, 8]; [AV.]; impf. -airata, [RV. vii, 39, 1]; p. -ī́rāṇa, [AV. xii, 1, 28]; [RV.]) P. (Subj. 3. sg. -ī́rat, [RV. iv, 2, 7]; aor. 2. du. -airatam, [RV. i, 118, 6]) to bring or fetch out of [RV. i, 118, 6]; to rise, start off (in order to go or to come), [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; to move upwards, ascend; to arise, originate, [RV.]; [AV.]; to honour, respect, [RV. iv, 2, 7]; (in class. Sanskṛt only ud-īrṇa occurs) : Caus. -īrayati, to bring or fetch out of [RV. i, 112, 5]; [x, 39, 9]; to cause to rise or move; to raise, rouse, excite, [RV.]; [MBh.]; [R.]; [Ragh.]; [Daś.]; to throw or cast upwards; to cast, discharge, drive forward, [R.]; [Ragh.] &c.; to cause to come forth or appear, [Kum.]; to raise one's voice; to utter, speak, [RV.]; [Yājñ.]; [Mn.] &c.; to procure, cause, effect, [RV. i, 48, 2]; [x, 39, 2]; [TS.]; [Suśr.]; to excite, raise, enhance, multiply, increase, [Suśr.]; [Kum.] &c.; to extol, glorify, [RV. v, 42, 3]; [MBh.]; to stir up, urge, stimulate, [RV.]; [R.]; to rise, start off, [RV. v, 55, 5]; [viii, 7, 3]: Pass. -īryate, to be cast or thrown upwards, [R.]; to be excited, be roused or stirred up, [MBh.]; [R.]; [Suśr.]; [Kum.] &c.; to be uttered or announced or enunciated; to pass for, [VP.]; [Kum.]; [Kathās.]; [Pañcat.]; [Suśr.] &c.; to sound; to issue forth.
ud-√ 1. ūh P. Ā. -ūhati, -te, to push or press upwards, move or bear upwards; to throw or turn out, sweep out, push out, [AV. xi, 1, 9]; [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.] Comm. on [TBr. iii, 8, 4, 3]; [BhP.] &c.; to bring out of [Vait.]; to heighten (an accent), [SaṃhUp. iii, 3.]
ud-√ aj P. Ā. -ajati, -te (impf. -ā́jat, [RV. ii, 12, 3], &c., and úd-ājat, [RV. ii, 24, 3]) to drive out, expel, [RV.]; [BṛĀrUp.]; to fetch out of [RV. i, 95, 7.]
udán (for 2. See s.v.) n. Ved. (defective in the strong cases, [Pāṇ. vi, 1, 63]) a wave, water, [RV.]; [AV.]; [TS.]; [Kāṭh.]
ud-√ an (for 1. See p. 183, col. 3) P. -aniti (and āniti, [BṛĀrUp. iii, 4, 1]; cf. vy-√ an; p. -anát, [ŚBr.]; aor. 3. pl. -āniṣus, [AV. iii, 13, 4]) to breathe upwards, emit the breath in an upward direction; to breathe out, breathe, [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [BṛĀrUp.]
ud-√ 2. as P. -asyati, to cast or throw up; to raise, erect, elevate, [ŚBr.]; [MBh.]; to throw out, expel, [ŚBr. ii, 6, 2, 16]; [KātyŚr.]; to throw (a weapon), [Naiṣ.]
ud-√ gai P. -gāyati (-gāti, [ŚāṅkhBr. xvii, 7]) to begin to sing; to sing or chant (applied especially to the singing or chanting of the Sāmaveda cf. ud-gātṛ́), [RV. x, 67, 3]; [AV. ix, 6, 45]-[48.]; [AitBr.]; [ŚBr.]; [TS.]; [Lāṭy.] &c. ; to sing out loud, [Śiś. vi, 20]; to announce or celebrate in song, sing before any one (with acc.); to fill with song, [ŚvetUp.]; [MBh.]; [Ragh.] &c.
ud-√ gṝ P. -girati, to eject (from the mouth), spit out, vomit out or up, belch out; to pour out, discharge, spout, [MBh.]; [R.]; [Mṛcch.]; [Pañcat.] &c.; to force out (a sound), utter; to breathe out; to raise from, [Rājat.]; [Kathās.] &c.: Caus. P. -girayati (irr.), to raise (sounds), utter, [Pañcat.]
ud-√ vai P. -vā́yati (aor. -avāsīt, [ŚBr. x, 3, 3, 8]) to become weak or languish, faint, be extinguished, go out (as fire), die, [TS.]; [TBr.]; [ŚBr.]; [ChUp.] : Caus. -vā́payati, to cause to extinguish or go out, [TBr. i, 4, 4, 7.]
ud-√ yā P. -yāti, to rise (as the sun), [RV. x, 37, 3]; to go out or away, start from, [ŚBr. xiv, 5, 4, 1]; [Ragh.]; to raise one's self, rise, [Gīt.]; [Kathās.]; to rise, originate from, [Rājat.]; [Naiṣ.]; to excel, surpass (acc.), [MārkP.]