guṇá m. (√ grah, [Uṇ.]) a single thread or strand of a cord or twine (e.g. tri-g°, q.v.), string or thread, rope, [TS. vii]; [Mṛcch.]; [Kum.]; [Ragh.]
a garland, [W.]
a bow-string, [R. iii, 33, 16] (cāpa-), [Ragh. ix, 54]; [Ṛtus.]; [Hit.]
(in geom.) a sinew
the string of a musical instrument, chord, [Śiś. iv, 57] : ifc. (f(A). ) with numerals ‘fold, times’ (see cátur-, tri-, daśa-, dví-, pañca-; rarely the numeral stands by itself along with guṇá [e.g. viśiṣṭo daśabhir guṇaiḥ, ‘of ten times higher value’, [Mn. ii, 85]] [AV. x, 8, 43]; [MBh. iii, 15649]; [Hariv. 509]; [ = bhāga] [Pāṇ. v, 2, 47], [Kāś.])
a multiplier, co-efficient (in alg.)
subdivision, species, kind (e.g. gandhasya guṇāḥ, the different kinds of smell, [MBh. xii, 6847])
the 6 subdivisions of action for a king in foreign politics (viz. peace, war, march, halt, stratagem, and recourse to the protection of a mightier king), [Mn. vii, 160]; [Yājñ. i, 346]; [MBh. ii, 155]
= upāya (q.v., denoting the 4 ways of conquering an enemy), [R. v, 81, 41]
‘requisite’, see °ṇopeta
a secondary element, subordinate or unessential part of any action (e.g. sarva-guṇa mfn. ‘reaching to all subordinate parts’, hence ‘valid throughout’, [KātyŚr.]), [ŚāṅkhŚr.]; [ĀśvŚr.]; [KātyŚr.]; [R. v, 1, 71]
an auxiliary act, [ŚāṅkhBr. xxvi, 4]
a secondary dish (opposed to anna i.e. rice or the chief dish), side-dish, [Mn. iii, 224 ff.]
(= -karman, in Gr.) the secondary or less immediate object of an action, [Pāṇ. i, 4, 51], Sch.
a quality, peculiarity, attribute or property, [Lāṭy.]; [ŚāṅkhGṛ.]; [Mn. iii], [ix], &c.
an attribute of the 5 elements (each of which has its own peculiar quality or qualities as well as organ of sense; thus 1. ether has śabda, or sound for its Guṇa and the ear for its organ; 2. the air has tangibility and sound for its Guṇas and the skin for its organ; 3. fire or light has shape or colour, tangibility, and sound for its Guṇas, and the eye for its organs; 4. water has flavour, shape, tangibility, and sound for its Guṇas, and the tongue for its organ; 5. earth has the preceding Guṇas, with the addition of its own peculiar Guṇa of smell, and the nose for its organ), [Mn. i, 20] and [76]-[78]; [MBh. xii, 6846 ff.]; [Śak. i, 1]; [BhP. iii, 5, 35]
(in Sāṃkhya phil.) an ingredient or constituent of Prakṛti, chief quality of all existing beings (viz. sattva, rajas, and tamas i.e. goodness, passion, and darkness, or virtue, foulness, and ignorance; cf. [RTL. pp. 31]; [36]; [163]), [Mn. i]; [iii, 40]; [xii, 24 ff.]; [Sāṃkhyak.]; [Bhag. xiii f.]
(hence) the number ‘three’, [VarBṛS. iic, 1]
a property or characteristic of all created things (in Nyāya phil. twenty-four Guṇas are enumerated, viz. 1. rūpa, shape, colour; 2. rasa, savour; 3. gandha, odour; 4. sparśa, tangibility; 5. saṃkhyā, number; 6. parimāṇa, dimension; 7. pṛthaktva, severalty; 8. saṃyoga, conjunction; 9. vibhāga, disjunction; 10. paratva, remoteness; 11. aparatva, proximity; 12. gurutva, weight; 13. dravatva, fluidity; 14. sneha, viscidity; 15. śabda, sound; 16. buddhi or jñāna, understanding or knowledge; 17. sukha, pleasure; 18. duḥkha, pain; 19. icchā, desire; 20. dveṣa, aversion; 21. prayatna, effort; 22. dharma, merit or virtue; 23. adharma, demerit; 24. saṃskāra, the self-reproductive quality)
an epithet, [KātyŚr.]
good quality, virtue, merit, excellence, [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.
also ‘power, might’; āt, ‘by virtue of’, ‘in consequence of’, ‘by means of’
the merit of composition (consistency, elegance of expression, &c.), [Kāvyād. i, 41 f.]; [Kpr. viii]; [Sāh. viii]
the peculiar properties of the letters (11 in number, viz. the 8 bāhya-prayatnās [q.v.] and the 3 accents), [Kāś.] on [Pāṇ. i, 1, 9] and [50] (cf. -mātra)
the first gradation of a vowel, the vowels a (with ar, al, [Pāṇ. i, 1, 51]), e, o, [Nir. x, 17]; [RPrāt. xi, 6]; [Pāṇ.]
gúhā ind. (3. gúhā), Ved. instr. in a hiding-place, in secret, secretly (opposed to āvís, and especially with √ dhā, ni-√ dhā, √ kṛ, ‘to conceal, remove’), [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr. xi], [xiii.]
m. (cf. guṭikā, gula; √ guḍ, [Uṇ. 1]) a globe or ball, [MBh. iii], [vii]
a ball to play with (cf. giri-), [L.]
a pill, [ŚārṅgS. xiii, 1]
a bit, mouthful, [L.]
sugar which forms itself into lumps, dry sugar, treacle, molasses, first thickening of the juice of the sugar-cane by boiling, [Kāty.]; [Mn.]; [Yājñ.]; [MBh.] &c.
an elephant's trappings or armour, [L.]
the cotton tree, [L.]
Euphorbia antiquorum, [L.]
(pl.) N. of a people (in Madhya-deśa), [VarBṛS. xiv, 3]
gurú mf(vI)n. (cf. girí; comp. gárīyas, once °yas-tara, guru-tara, superl. gariṣṭha, gurutama See ss.vv.) heavy, weighty (opposed to laghú), [RV. i, 39, 3] and [iv, 5, 6]; [AV.] &c. (g. śauṇḍādi, [Gaṇar. 101])
heavy in the stomach (food), difficult to digest, [MBh. i, 3334]; [Suśr.]
great, large, extended, long, [Yājñ.] (see -kratu), [Bhartṛ.] &c.
(in prosody) long by nature or position (a vowel), [Prāt.] (a vowel long both by nature and by position is called garīyas, [RPrāt. xviii, 20]), [Pāṇ. i, 4, 11] and [12]
high in degree, vehement, violent, excessive, difficult, hard, [RV.]; [MBh.] &c.
grievous, [Megh. 80]
important, serious, momentous, [MBh.] &c.
valuable, highly prized, [Yājñ. ii, 30] ( = garīyas) &c.
haughty, proud (speech), [Pañcat.]
venerable, respectable
gurú m. any venerable or respectable person (father, mother, or any relative older than one's self), [Gobh.]; [ŚāṅkhGṛ.]; [Mn.] &c.
a spiritual parent or preceptor (from whom a youth receives the initiatory Mantra or prayer, who instructs him in the Śāstras and conducts the necessary ceremonies up to that of investiture which is performed by the Ācārya, [Yājñ. i, 34]), [RPrāt.]; [ĀśvGṛ.]; [PārGṛ.]; [Mn.] &c.
the chief of (gen. or in comp.), [Cāṇ.]; [Ragh. ii, 68]
(with Śāktas) author of a Mantra
‘preceptor of the gods’, Bṛhaspati, [Mn. xi]
(hence) the planet Jupiter, [Jyot.]; [VarBṛS.]; [Bhartṛ.] &c.
‘Pāṇḍu-teacher’, Droṇa, [L.]
Prabhā-kara (celebrated teacher of the Mīmāṃsā, usually mentioned with Kumārila), [SŚaṃkar. vi, 50]; [xv, 157]
(= dharma) ‘venerable’, the 9th astrological mansion, [VarBṛS. i, 16]
Mucuna pruritus, [L.]
N. of a son of Saṃkṛti, [BhP. ix, 21, 2] du. parents, [MBh.]
gurú m. pl. parents and other venerable persons, [Mn. iv]; [Vikr. v, 10]; [Kathās.]
a honorific appellation of a preceptor (whose N. is also put in the pl.), Jain, [Hit.]
[cf. βαρύς; Lat. gravis; Goth. kauriths; Lith. giéras.]
Abrus precatorius (bearing a red and black berry which forms the smallest of the jeweller's weights), [Suśr.]; [VarBṛS.]; [Pañcat.]
the berry of Abrus precatorius (averaging about 1 5/16 grains troy) or the artificial weight called after it (weighing about 2 3/16 grains, = 1/5 Ādya-māṣaka or Māṣaka, = 3 or 2 barley-corns, = 4 grains of rice, = 2 grains of wheat, [L.]; with physicians 7 Guñjās = 1 Mātha, with lawyers 7 1/2 Guñjās), [Yājñ. iii, 273]; [Cāṇ.]; [VarBṛS.]
a kind of plant with a poisonous root, [Suśr. v, 2, 3]
gúhya mfn. ([Pāṇ. iii, 1, 109], [Kāś.] g. daṇḍādi) to be covered or concealed or hidden or kept secret, concealable, private, secret, mysterious, mystical, [RV.]; [AV.] &c.
gúhya m. hypocrisy, [L.]
a tortoise, [L.]
N. of Viṣṇu ([RTL. p. 106]), [W.]
gúhya n. a secret, mystery, [MBh.] (ifc. f(A). , [xiii, 5876]), [Mn. xii, 117]; [Bhag.] &c.
gúhya n. the pudenda, [Suśr.]; [VarBṛS.]; [Kathās. ii, 56] (cf. 1. gṛ́hya) the anus, [W.]
gúlma m. (rarely n., [MBh. x]; [BhP. viii], [x]) a cluster or clump of trees, thicket, bush, shrub, [VS. xxv, 8]; [Mn.]; [Yājñ.] &c.
a troop or guard of soldiers, body of troops, division of an army (consisting of 45 foot, 27 horse, 9 chariots, and 9 elephants, [MBh. i, 290]; or of 135 foot, 81 horse, 27 chariots, and 27 elephants, [L.]; cf. [MBh. v, 5270]), [Mn. vii], [ix]; [MBh.] &c.
a fort, entrenchment, [W.]
disciplining an army, [W.]
a chronic enlargement of the spleen or any glandular enlargement in the abdomen (as that of the mesenteric gland &c.), [Suśr.]; [VarBṛ. xxi, 8]; [Kathās. xv]
hidden, concealed, kept secret, secret, [Bhartṛ.]; [Pañcat.]; [Kathās.] &c. (with daṇḍa, a secret fine, fine secretly imposed or exacted, [Hit.]; cf. gūḍha-d°)
= saṃgata (? joined, combined), [W.]
guptá (as), m. ([Pāṇ. vi, 1, 205], [Kāś.]) N. of several men belonging to the Vaiśya caste ([PārGṛ. i, 17]; cf. [RTL. p. 358]), especially of the founder of the renowned Gupta dynasty in which the names of the sovereigns generally end in (cf. candra-, samudra-, skanda-; is also often found ifc. in names of the Vaiśya class)
m. (also) the era named after the Gupta dynasty (beginning, A.D. 319; hence the Gupta year 165 corresponds to, A.D. 484-85; in later times the years are called valabhī-saṃvat from the rulers of Valabhi, and the era is spoken of as the Gupta-Valabhi era).