the seventh vowel of the Sanskṛt alphabet and peculiar to it (resembling the sound of ri in merrily).
ind. an interjection expressing laughter, [L.]
a particle implying abuse, [L.]
a sound inarticulate or reiterated as in stammering, [W.]
m. heaven, [L.]
f. N. of Aditi, [L.]
cl. 1. 3. 5.P. ṛcchati, iyarti, ṛṇoti, and ṛṇvati (only Ved.); āra, ariṣyati, ārat, and ārṣīt, to go, move, rise, tend upwards, [RV.]; [Nir.] &c.; to go towards, meet with, fall upon or into, reach, obtain, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr.]; [ChUp.]; [MBh.] &c.; to fall to one's share, occur, befall (with acc.), [RV.]; [AitBr.]; [ŚBr.]; [Mn.] &c.; to advance towards a foe, attack, invade, [ŚBr.]; [MBh.]; [Mn.]; to hurt, offend, [ŚBr. vii]; to move, excite, erect, raise, (íyarti vā́cam, he raises his voice, [RV. ii, 42, 2]; stómān iyarmi, I sing hymns, [RV. i, 116, 1]), [RV.]; [AV. vi, 22, 3] : Caus. arpayati, to cause to move, throw, cast, [AV. x, 9, 1]; [Ragh.] &c.; to cast through, pierce, [AV.]; to put in or upon, place, insert, fix into or upon, fasten, [RV.]; [Śāk.]; [Kum.]; [Bhag.] &c.; to place on, apply, [Kathās.]; [Ratnāv.]; [Ragh.] &c.; to direct or turn towards, [R.]; [Bhag.] &c.; to deliver up, surrender, offer, reach over, present, give, [Yājñ.]; [Pañcat.]; [Vikr.] &c.; to give back, restore, [Mn. viii, 191]; [Yājñ.]; [Śak.] &c.: Ved. Intens. alarti, [RV. viii, 48, 8]; (2. sg. alarṣi, [RV. viii, 1, 7]; [Pāṇ. vii, 4, 65]); to move or go towards with speed or zeal: Class. Intens. Ā. arāryate ([Pāṇ. vii, 4, 30]), to wander about, hasten towards, [Bhaṭṭ.]; [Pat.], [Kāś.];
[cf. Gk. ὄρ-νυ-μι, ἐρ-έ-της, ἀρό-ω, &c. : Zend √ ir : Lat. or-ior, re-mus, aro : Goth. ar-gan : Angl.Sax. ār : Old High Germ. ruo-dar, ar-an : Lith. ir-ti, ‘to row’; ar-ti, ‘to plough’.]
cl. 6. P. ṛcati, ānarca, arcitā, &c., = arc, p. 89, col. 3; to praise, [Dhātup. xxviii, 19] (cf. arká.)
ṛ́c f. praise, verse, esp. a sacred verse recited in praise of a deity (in contradistinction to the Sāman [pl. Sāmāni] or verses which were sung and to the Yajus [pl. Yajūṃṣi] or sacrificial words, formularies, and verses which were muttered)
cl. 1. P. Ā. arjati, -te, ānṛje, arjitā, arjiṣyate, ārjiṣṭa, to go; to stand or be firm; to obtain, acquire; to be strong or healthy: Caus. arjayati, to obtain, get, acquire, [Dhātup. vi, 16]; [cf. arj, p. 90, col. 1.]
cl. 1. P. arṣati, ānarṣa, arṣitā, to flow, flow quickly, glide, move with a quick motion, [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.]; to bring near by flowing, [RV.]; [cf. Gk. ἔρση (?); ἄψ-ορρος, ‘flowing back’; παλίν-ορσος, ‘darting back’.]
cl. 6. P. ṛṣati, ānarṣa, arṣitā, to go, move, [Dhātup. xxviii, 7]; to stab, kill, [AV. ix, 4, 17]; to push, thrust.
ṛbhú mfn. (√ rabh), clever, skilful, inventive, prudent (said of Indra, Agni, and the Ādityas, [RV.]; also of property or wealth, [RV. iv, 37, 5]; [viii, 93, 34]; of an arrow, [AV. i, 2, 3])
(us), m. an artist, one who works in iron, a smith, builder (of carriages &c.), N. of three semi-divine beings (Ṛbhu, Vāja, and Vibhvan, the name of the first being applied to all of them; thought by some to represent the three seasons of the year [[Ludwig, RV. vol. iii, p. 187]], and celebrated for their skill as artists; they are supposed to dwell in the solar sphere, and are the artists who formed the horses of Indra, the carriage of the Aśvins, and the miraculous cow of Bṛhaspati; they made their parents young, and performed other wonderful works [Sv-apas]; they are supposed to take their ease and remain idle for twelve days [the twelve intercalary days of the winter solstice] every year in the house of the Sun [Agohya]; after which they recommence working; when the gods heard of their skill, they sent Agni to them with the one cup of their rival Tvaṣṭṛ, the artificer of the gods, bidding the Ṛbhus construct four cups from it; when they had successfully executed this task, the gods received the Ṛbhus amongst themselves and allowed them to partake of their sacrifices &c.; cf. [Kaegi, RV. p. 53 f.]), [RV.]; [AV.] &c.
they appear generally as accompanying Indra, especially at the evening sacrifice
in later mythology Ṛbhu is a son of Brahman, [VP.]
ṛṇá mfn. going, flying, fugitive (as a thief), [RV. vi, 12, 5]; having gone against or transgressed, guilty
[cf. Lat. reus]
ṛṇá (am), n. anything wanted or missed
anything due, obligation, duty, debt (a Brāhman owes three debts or obligations, viz. 1. Brahmacarya or ‘study of the Vedas’, to the Ṛṣis; 2. sacrifice and worship, to the gods; 3. procreation of a son, to the Manes, [TS. vi, 3, 10, 5]; [Mn. vi, 35], &c.; in later times also, 4. benevolence to mankind and 5. hospitality to guests are added, [MBh.] &c.), [RV.]; [AV.] &c., [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.
a debt of money, money owed, [MBh.]; [Mn.]; [Yājñ.]
(ṛṇaṃ √ kṛ, to get into debt, [Yājñ. ii, 45]; °m-√ prāp, to become indebted, [Mn. viii, 107]; °ṃ-√ dā or √ nī or pra-√ yam, to pay a debt, [MBh.]; [Mn.] &c.; °ṃ-√ yāc, to ask for a loan, [Kathās.]; °m parīps, to call in a debt, [Mn. viii, 161])
cl. 6. P. (p. ṛñját) Ā. riñjate: cl. 4. P. Ā. (see abhy-ṛñj) : cl. 7. Ā. (3. pl. ṛñjate) to make straight or right, make proper, arrange, fit out, decorate, ornament; to make favourable, propitiate; to gain, obtain, [RV.];
ṛtá (am), n. fixed or settled order, law, rule (esp. in religion)
sacred or pious action or custom, divine law, faith, divine truth (these meanings are given by, [BRD.] and are generally more to be accepted than those of native authorities and marked, [L.] below), [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.]; [ŚBr.] &c.
truth in general, righteousness, right, [RV.]; [AV.]; [MBh.]; [Mn. viii, 61]; [104]; [Pañcat.] &c.
figuratively said of gleaning (as the right means of a Brāhman's obtaining a livelihood as opposed to agriculture, which is anṛta), [Mn. iv, 4 ff.]
promise, oath, vow, [TāṇḍyaBr.]; [Lāṭy.]
truth personified (as an object of worship, and hence enumerated among the sacred objects in the [Nir.])
ṛté ind. (according to [BRD.] loc. case of the p.p. of √ ṛ) under pain of, with the exclusion of, excepting, besides, without, unless (with abl. or acc. or a sentence beginning with yatas), [RV.]; [AV.] &c., [MBh.]; [Pañcat.] &c.
ṛtú (us), m. ([Uṇ. i, 72]) any settled point of time, fixed time, time appointed for any action (esp. for sacrifices and other regular worship), right or fit time, [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.]
an epoch, period (esp. a division or part of the year), season (the number of the divisions of the year is in ancient times, three, five, six, seven, twelve, thirteen, and twenty-four; in later time six seasons are enumerated, viz. Vasanta, ‘spring’; Grīṣma, ‘the hot season’; Varṣās (f. pl. nom.), ‘the rainy season’ Śarad, ‘autumn’; Hemanta, ‘winter’; and Śiśira, ‘the cool season’; the seasons are not unfrequently personified, addressed in Mantras, and worshipped by libations), [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.] &c., [MBh.]; [Mn.] &c.
symbolical expression for the number six, [VarBṛS.]; [Sūryas.] &c.
the menstrual discharge (in women), the time after the courses (favourable for procreation; according to [Bhpr.] sixteen days after their appearance), [Suśr.]; [MBh.]; [Mn.] &c.
sexual union at the above time, [Mn. ix, 93]; [MBh.]
fixed order, order, rule [[BRD.]], [RV. i, 162, 19]
ṛ́ṣi m. (√ 2. ṛṣ Comm. on [Uṇ. iv, 119]; ṛṣati jñānena saṃsāra-pāram, [T.]; perhaps fr. an obsolete √ ṛṣ for √ dṛś, ‘to see ?’, cf. ṛṣi-kṛt), a singer of sacred hymns, an inspired poet or sage, any person who alone or with others invokes the deities in rhythmical speech or song of a sacred character (e.g. the ancient hymn-singers Kutsa, Atri, Rebha, Agastya, Kuśika, Vasiṣṭha, Vy-aśva), [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.] &c.
the Ṛṣis were regarded by later generations as patriarchal sages or saints, occupying the same position in India history as the heroes and patriarchs of other countries, and constitute a peculiar class of beings in the early mythical system, as distinct from gods, men, Asuras, &c., [AV. x, 10, 26]; [ŚBr.]; [AitBr.]; [KātyŚr.]; [Mn.] &c.
they are the authors or rather seers of the Vedic hymns i.e. according to orthodox Hindū ideas they are the inspired personages to whom these hymns were revealed, and such an expression as ‘the Ṛṣi says’ is equivalent to ‘so it stands in the sacred text’
seven Ṛṣis, sapta ṛṣayaḥ, or saptaṛṣayaḥ or saptarṣayaḥ, are often mentioned in the Brāhmaṇas and later works as typical representatives of the character and spirit of the pre-historic or mythical period
in [ŚBr. xiv, 5, 2, 6] their names are given as follows, Gotama, Bharadvāja, Viśvā-mitra, Jamadagni, Vasiṣṭha, Kaśyapa, and Atri
in [MBh. xii], Marīci, Atri, Aṅgiras, Pulaha, Kratu, Pulastya, Vasiṣṭha are given as the names of the Ṛṣis of the first Manvantara, and they are also called Prajāpatis or patriarchs
the names of the Ṛṣis of the subsequent Manv-antaras are enumerated in [Hariv. 417 ff.]
afterwards three other names are added, viz. Pracetas or Dakṣa, Bhṛgu, and Nārada, these ten being created by Manu Svāyambhuva for the production of all other beings including gods and men, [ĀśvŚr.]; [MBh.]; [VP.] &c.
in astron. the seven Ṛṣis form the constellation of ‘the Great Bear’, [RV. x, 82, 2]; [AV. vi, 40, 1]; [ŚBr.]; [ĀśvGṛ.]; [MBh.] &c.
(metaphorically the seven Ṛṣis may stand for the seven senses or the seven vital airs of the body, [VS. xxxiv]; [ŚBr. xiv]; [KātyŚr.])
a saint or sanctified sage in general, an ascetic, anchorite (this is a later sense; sometimes three orders of these are enumerated, viz. Devarṣis, Brahmarṣis, and Rājarṣis; sometimes seven, four others being added, viz. Maharṣis, Paramarṣis, Śrutarṣis, and Kāṇḍarṣis), [Mn. iv, 94][xi, 236]; [Śak.]; [Ragh.] &c.
the seventh of the eight degrees of Brāhmans, [Hcat.]
a hymn or Mantra composed by a Ṛṣi
the Veda Comm. on [MBh.] & [Pat.]
a symbolical expression for the number seven
the moon
an imaginary circle
a ray of light, [L.]
the fish Cyprinus Rishi, [L.];
[cf. Hib. arsan, ‘a sage, a man old in wisdom’; arrach, ‘old, ancient, aged’.]
or (in later texts) ṛṣya, as, m. the male of a species of antelope, the painted or white-footed antelope, [RV. viii, 4, 10]; [AV. v, 14, 3]; [VS.]; [AitBr.]; [Suśr.] &c.; N. of a Ṛṣi, [ĀrṣBr.]; of a son of Devātithi, [BhP.]; (am), n. hurt, violation, [T.] (for the explanation of ṛśya-da); [cf. riśya.]
ṛśya or (in later texts) , as, m. the male of a species of antelope, the painted or white-footed antelope, [RV. viii, 4, 10]; [AV. v, 14, 3]; [VS.]; [AitBr.]; [Suśr.] &c.; N. of a Ṛṣi, [ĀrṣBr.]; of a son of Devātithi, [BhP.]; (am), n. hurt, violation, [T.] (for the explanation of ṛśya-da); [cf. riśya.]
ṛjīṣá as, m. (√ ṛj), expeller (of enemies), N. of Indra [[Sāy.]], [RV. i, 32, 6.]
am, n. (√ arj, [Uṇ. iv, 28]), the sediment or residue of Soma, the Soma plant after the juice has been pressed out, [AV. ix, 6, 16]; [VS. xix, 72]; [TS. vi]; [ŚBr.]; [KātyŚr.] &c.
the juice produced by the third pressure of the plant, [Sāy.]