the 20th letter of the alphabet, 1st of the 2nd (or palatal) class of consonants, having the sound of ch in church.
ind. and, both, also, moreover, as well as (= τε, Lat. que, placed like these particles as an enclitic after the word which it connects with what precedes; when used with a personal pronoun this must appear in its fuller accented form (e.g. táva ca máma ca [not te ca me ca], ‘both of thee and me’), when used after verbs the first of them is accented, [Pāṇ. viii, 1, 58 f.]; it connects whole sentences as well as parts of sentences; in [RV.] the double occurs more frequently than the single (e.g. aháṃ ca tváṃ ca, ‘I and thou’, [viii, 62, 11]); the double may also be used somewhat redundantly in class. Sanskṛt (e.g. kva hariṇakānāṃ jīvitaṃ cātilolaṃ kva ca vajra-sārāḥ śarās te, ‘where is the frail existence, of fawns and where are thy adamantine arrows?’, [Śak. i, 10]); in later literature, however, the first is more usually omitted (e.g. ahaṃ tvaṃ ca), and when more than two things are enumerated only one is often found (e.g. tejasā yaśasā lakṣmyā sthityā ca parayā, ‘in glory, in fame, in beauty, and in high position’, [Nal. xii, 6]); elsewhere, when more than two things are enumerated, is placed after some and omitted after others (e.g. ṛṇa-dātā ca vaidyaś ca śrotriyo nadī, ‘the payer of a debt and a physician [and] a Brāhman [and] a river’, [Hit. i, 4, 55]); in Ved. and even in class. Sanskṛt [[Mn. iii, 20]; [ix, 322]; [Hit.]], when the double would generally be used, the second may occasionally be omitted (e.g. indraś ca soma, ‘both Indra [and thou] Soma’, [RV. vii, 104, 25]; durbhedyaś cāśusaṃdheyaḥ, ‘both difficult to be divided [and] quickly united’, [Hit. i]); with lexicographers may imply a reference to certain other words which are not expressed (e.g. kamaṇḍalau ca karakaḥ, ‘the word karaka has the meaning ‘pitcher’ and other meanings’); sometimes is = eva, even, indeed, certainly, just (e.g. su-cintitaṃ cauṣadhaṃ na nāma-mātreṇa karoty arogam, ‘even a well-devised remedy does not cure a disease by its mere name’, [Hit.]; yāvanta eva te tāvāṃśca saḥ, ‘as great as they [were] just so great was he’, [Ragh. xii, 45]); occasionally is disjunctive, ‘but’, ‘on the contrary’, ‘on the other hand’, ‘yet’, ‘nevertheless’ (varam ādyau na cāntimaḥ, ‘better the two first but not the last’, [Hit.] ; śāntam idam āśrama-padaṃ sphurati ca bāhuḥ, ‘this hermitage is tranquil yet my arm throbs’, [Śak. i, 15]); ca-ca, though — yet, [Vikr. ii, 9]; ca-na ca, though — yet not, [Pat.]; — na tu (v.l. nanu) id., [Mālav. iv, 8]; na ca — , though not — yet, [Pat.]; may be used for vā, ‘either’, ‘or’ (e.g. iha cāmutra vā, ‘either here or hereafter’, [Mn. xii, 89]; strī vā pumān vā yac cānyat sattvam, ‘either a woman or a man or any other being’, [R.]), and when a neg. particle is joined with the two may then be translated by ‘neither’, ‘nor’; occasionally one or one na is omitted (e.g. na ca paribhoktuṃ naiva śaknomi hātum, ‘I am able neither to enjoy nor to abandon’, [Śak. v, 18]; na pūrvāhṇe na ca parāhṇe, ‘neither in the forenoon nor in the afternoon’); ca-ca may express immediate connection between two acts or their simultaneous occurrence (e.g. mama ca muktaṃ tamasā mano manasijena dhanuṣi śaraś ca niveśitaḥ, ‘no sooner is my mind freed from darkness than a shaft is fixed on his bow by the heart-born god’, [vi, 8]); is sometimes = ced, ‘if’ (cf. [Pāṇ. viii, 1, 30]; the verb is accented), [RV.]; [AV.]; [MBh.]; [Vikr. ii, 20]; [Bhartṛ. ii, 45]; may be used as an expletive (e.g. anyaiś ca kratubhiś ca, ‘and with other sacrifices’); is often joined to an adv. like eva, api, tathā, tathaiva, &c., either with or without a neg. particle (e.g. vairiṇaṃ nopaseveta sahāyaṃ caiva vairiṇaḥ, ‘one ought not to serve either an enemy or the ally of an enemy’, [Mn. iv, 133]); (see eva, api, &c.) For the meaning of after an interrogative See ká, kathā́, kím, kvá);
[cf. τε, Lat. que, pe (in nempe &c.); Goth. uh; Zd. ca; Old Pers. cā.]
cl. 1. P. Ā. °kati, °kate, to be satiated or contented or satisfied, [Dhātup. iv, 19]; to repel, resist, [ib.]; to shine, [xix, 21] (cf. √ kan and kam.)
(cf. √ car and also √ caṭ) cl. 1. °lati (metrically also Ā. °te; perf. cacāla pl. celur; fut. caliṣyati; aor. acālīt), to be moved, stir, tremble, shake, quiver, be agitated, palpitate, [MBh.] &c.; to move on or forward, proceed, go away, start off, depart, [MBh.] (āsanebhyo 'calan, ‘they rose from their seat’, [v, 3114]) &c.; to set (said of the day), [Kathās. lxxii, 406]; to be moved from one's usual course, be disturbed, become confused or disordered, go astray, [MBh.] &c.; to turn away from, swerve, deviate from (abl., e.g. dharmāt, to swerve from virtue, [Mn. vii, 15]; [MBh. ii, 2629]), fall off (with abl.), [MBh.] &c.; to sport about, frolic, play ([Dhātup. xxviii, 64]), [Kuval. 320] : Caus. calayati ([Pāṇ. i, 3, 87]), to cause to move, move, shake, jog, push, agitate, disturb, [Ragh. viii, 52]; [Ṛtus.]; [BhP.]; [Bhaṭṭ.]; to cause to deviate, turn off from (abl.), [Mṛcch. ix, 21] : Caus. cālay° (Pass. cālyate) to cause to move, shake, jog, push, agitate, [MBh.] &c.; to drive, drive away, remove or expel from (abl.), [MBh. i, 5743]; [xiii, 3336]; [Hariv. 2697]; to disturb, make confused or disordered, [MBh. xii]; [Vedāntas.]; [BhP. iii, 1, 42]; to cause to deviate from (abl.), [MBh. iii, 1504]; [R. iii]; to cherish, foster, [Dhātup. xxxii, 68] (v.l. for √ bal) : Intens. cañcalyate (cf. cañcala) or cāc° (cf. á-vicācala ff.), [Vop. xx, 8 f.];
[cf. κέλω, κέλλω, ὀκέλλω, κέλης; Lat. celer, pro-cello, ex-.]
cl. 1. cárati, rarely °te (Subj. cárat, 3. pl. cárān, [RV.]; perf. cacā́ra [[AV.] &c.], 2. sg. cacartha, [BhP. iv, 28, 52]; pl. cerur, &c.; °ratur, [ŚBr.] &c.; Ā. cere, [BhP. iii, 1, 19]; fut. cariṣyati, °te; aor. acārīt [[ŚBr. xiv] &c.]; inf. cáritum [[ii]; [MBh. i], [iii]; [R.]] or cartum [[MBh. iii], [xiii]; [R. iii]; [BhP. v]], Ved. carádhyai [[RV. i, 61, 12]], cáritave [[113, 5]], caráse [[92, 9] and [v, 47, 4]], carā́yai [[vii, 77, 1]], caritos [[AitĀr. i, 1, 1, 7]]; ind.p. caritvā́, [ŚBr. xiv]; [BhP. x, 75, 19]; cartvā, [MBh. v, 3790]; cīrtvā, [xiii, 495]; p. cárat) to move one's self, go, walk, move, stir, roam about, wander (said of men, animals, water, ships, stars, &c.), [RV.]; [AV.] &c.; to spread, be diffused (as fire), [VarBṛS. xix, 7]; to move or travel through, pervade, go along, follow, [Mn.]; [MBh.] &c.; to behave, conduct one's self, act, live, treat (with instr. or loc.), [RV.]; [AV.] &c.; to be engaged in, occupied or busy with (instr., e.g. yajñéna c°, ‘to be engaged in a sacrifice’, [ŚBr.]), [RV. x, 71, 5]; [AV. vi, 117, 1]; [AitBr.] &c.; (with [[ŚBr. iv]; [ChUp.]; [Kauś.]; [ŚāṅkhŚr.]] or without [[ŚBr. ii], [xiv]] mithunám) to have intercourse with, have to do with (instr.); (with a p. or adj. or ind.p. or adv.) to continue performing or being (e.g. arcantaś cerur, ‘they continued worshipping’, [ŚBr. i]; svāminam avajñāya caret, ‘he may go on despising his master’, [Hit.]), [RV.]; [AV.]; [VS.] &c.; (in astron.) to be in any asterism or conjunction, [VarBṛS.]; to undertake, set about, under go, observe, practise, do or act in general, effect, make (e.g. vratā́ni ‘to observe vows’, [AV.] &c.; vighnaṃ c°, ‘to put a hindrance’, [MBh.]; bhaikṣaṃ c° ‘to beg’, [Mn. ii]; vivādaṃ c°, ‘to be engaged in a lawsuit’, [Mn. viii, 8]; mṛgayāṃ c°, ‘to hunt’, [MBh.]; [R.]; sambandhāṃś c°, ‘to enter into connections’, [Mn. ii, 40]; mārgaṃ cacāra bāṇaiḥ, ‘he made a way with arrows’, [R. iii, 34, 4]; tapasā indriyāṇi c°, to exercise one's organs with penance, [MBh. xiv, 544]), [RV.]; [AV.] &c.; to consume, eat (with acc.), graze, [Yājñ. iii, 324]; [Pañcat.]; [BhP. v], [x]; [Subh.]; [Hit.]; to make or render (with double acc.) e.g. naréndraṃ satya-sthaṃ carāma, ‘let us make the king keep his word’, [R. ii, 107, 19] : Caus. cārayati, to cause to move or walk about, [AV. xii, 4, 28] (aor. ácīcarat), [ŚāṅkhBr. xxx, 8]; [Lāṭy.]; to pasture, [MBh. xiv]; [R.]; [BhP. iii], [x]; to send, direct, turn, move, [MBh.] &c.; to cause any one (acc.) to walk through (acc.), [MBh. xii]; [R. v, 49, 14]; to drive away from (abl.), [MBh. xii, 12944]; to cause any one (acc.) to practise or perform (with acc.), [Mn. xi, 177] and [192]; to cause (any animal acc.) to eat, [Bādar. ii, 2, 5], Sch.; to cause to copulate, [Mn. viii, 362]; to ascertain (as through a spy instr.), [MBh. iii], [xv]; [R. i], [vi]; to doubt (cf. vi-), [Dhātup. xxxiii, 71] : Desid. cicariṣati, to try to go, [ŚāṅkhBr. xxx, 8] (p. cicarṣat) ; to wish to act or conduct one's self, [ŚBr. xi]; to try to have intercourse with (instr.), [vi] : Intens. carcarīti Ā. or rarely [[MBh. iii, 12850]] Pass. cañcūryate (°curīti and °cūrti, [Pāṇ. vii, 4, 87 f.]; ind.p. °cūrya, [R. iv, 29, 22]; p. once P. °cūryat, [Hariv. 3602]) to move quickly or repeatedly, walk about, roam about (in loc.), [AV. xx, 127, 4]; [MBh.] &c.; to act wantonly or coquettishly, [Bhaṭṭ. iv, 19] (cf. [Pāṇ. iii, 1, 24]); [cf. πέλομαι, ἀμϕί-πολο-ς, ἀνα-τολή &c.]
cl. 1. P. °ṭati, to fall in (as the flood), [Pañcat. i, 12, 0/1]; to reach (with loc.), fall to the share of or into, [Siṃhās.]; [Pañcad.]; to hang down from (loc.), [Subh.]; to rain, [Dhātup. ix, 6]; to cover (v.l. for √ kaṭ), [ib.] : Caus. cāṭayati, to break, [xxx, 47]; to kill, [ib.] (cf. uc-, vi-.)
a (a reduplicated form of √ kāś = kśā; in the non-conjugational tenses √ khyā is substituted, [Pāṇ. ii, 4, 54 f.]; some pf. forms, however, are found) cl. 2. Ā. cáṣṭe (2. du. cakṣāthe, [RV.]; pf. p. cákṣāṇa, [RV.]; [BhP. i, 18, 25] [a- neg.]; rarely P. impf. 2. sg. acakṣas, [MBh. viii, 3384], 1. pl. acakṣma, [Naigh. iii, 11]; Ved. inf. cákṣase, [RV.]; [AV. vi, 68, 2]), to appear, become visible, [RV. viii, 19, 16]; [x, 74, 2] and [92, 6] ; to see, look at, observe, notice, [RV.]; [BhP.]; to tell, inform, [MBh. viii, 3384]; to take any one (acc.) for (acc.), [BhP. x, 73, 11.]
camū́ f. (Ved. loc. °mū́, [RV.] six times; once °mví, [x, 91, 15]; nom. du. °mvā́, iii, 55, 20; gen. loc. °mvós; nom. pl. °mvás, viii, 2, 8; loc. pl. °mū́ṣu) a vessel or part (two or more in number) of the reservoir into which the Soma is poured, [RV.]
°mvaú, f. du. ‘the two great receptacles of all living beings’, heaven and earth, [Naigh. iii, 30] (cf. [RV. iii, 55, 20])
caná ind. (ca ná, [SV.]) and not, also not, even not, not even (this particle is placed after the word to which it gives force; a preceding verb is accentuated [[Pāṇ. viii, 1, 57]]; in Vedic language it is generally, but not always, found without any other neg. particle, whereas in the later language another neg. is usually added, e.g. ā́paś canáprá minanti vratáṃ vāṃ, ‘not even the waters violate your ordinance’, [RV. ii, 24, 12]; nā́ha vivyāca pṛthivī́ canaínaṃ, ‘the earth even does not contain him’, [iii, 36, 4]; in class. Sanskṛt it is only used after the interrogatives ká, katará, katamá, katham, kád, kadā́, kim, kútas, kva, making them indefinite), [RV.]; [AV.] &c. also, [RV. i, 139, 2]; [vi, 26, 7]; [viii, 78, 10.]
mfn. (g. pacādi) moving, locomotive (as animals opposed to plants, or as the Karaṇas in astrol.), [VPrāt.]; [ŚvetUp. iii, 18]; [Mn. vii, 15]; [MBh.] &c.
(= saṃcārin) forming the retinue of any one, [BhP. iv, 29, 23]
mf(I)n. ifc. ([Pāṇ. v, 3, 53 f.]; [vi, 3, 35 f.]) having been formerly (e.g. āḍhya-, devadatta-, qq.vv.; a-dṛṣṭa- or nadṛṣṭa-, ‘not seen before’, [Kathās.] [once f. irr. ā, [lx, 58]] [Sarvad. iii, 16]; [vii, 19]; an-ālokita- id., [Bālar. iv, 54/55])
m. a spy, secret emissary or agent, [Mn. vii, 122]; [Hariv. 10316]; [R.] &c.
= caraṭa, [L.]
the small shell Cypraea moneta, [L.]
the wind, air, [BhP. x, 14, 11]
the planet Mars, [L.]
a game played with dice (similar to backgammon), [L.]
a cowrie, [W.]
‘passage’, see a-, duś-
n. (in astron.) ascensional difference, [Gol. vii]
(in astron., read, ‘the difference of time between the rising of a heavenly body at Laṅkā or Ceylon, over which the first meridian passes, and that of its rising at any partic. place’).
cl. 1. °cati, to abuse, censure, menace, [Dhātup. xvii, 67]; to injure, [xxviii, 17] : cl. 10. °cayati, to repeat a word (in reciting the Veda, esp. while adding iti), [RPrāt. xv, 10] and [12] to talk over, discuss, [Hcar. vii]; (also Ā. [Vop.]) to study, [Dhātup. xxxiii, 38.]
carú m. (g. bhīmādi) a kind of vessel (in which a particular oblation is prepared), saucepan, pot, [RV.]; [AV.]; [ŚBr. xiii]; [KātyŚr.]; [Kauś.]; [Mn.]; [Yājñ.]
a cloud (cf. [RV. i, 7, 6]), [Naigh. i, 10]
an oblation (of rice, barley and pulse) boiled with butter and milk for presentation to the gods or manes, [VS. xxix, 6]; [TS. i]; [ŚBr.]; [AitBr. i, 1] & [7]; [KātyŚr.] &c. (pl. [Yājñ. i, 298]).
m. ([iii, 3, 56], [Kāś.]; g. vṛṣādi) a mound of earth (raised to form the foundation of a building or raised as a rampart), [MBh. iii, 11699]; [Hariv.]; [R.]; [Pañcat.]
a cover, covering, [W.]
a heap, pile, collection, multitude, assemblage, [MBh.]; [Hariv.] &c.
(in med.) accumulation of the humors (cf. saṃ-), [Suśr.]
the amount by which each term increases, common increase or difference of the terms, [Bījag.] (cf. agni-).
cáṇḍā f. (g. bahv-ādi), N. of Durgā (esp. as incarnation for the purpose of destroying the Asura Mahiṣa, this exploit forming the subject of the [Devīm.] and being particularly celebrated in Bengāl at the Durgāpūjā about Oct. Nov.), [MBh. vi, 797]; [Hariv. 10245]
N. of one of the 8 Nāyikās or Saktis of Durgā, [BrahmaP.]; [DevīP.]
N. of an attendant of the 12th Arhat of the present Avasarpiṇī, [L.]
of a river, [L.]
of a plant (Andropogon aciculatus, [L.]; Mucuna pruritus, [L.]; Salvinia cucullata, [L.]; white Dūrvā grass, [L.]; liṅginī, [L.]), [Suśr. i], [iv]; [vi, 51]
cakrá n. (Ved. rarely m.; g. ardharcādi; fr. √ car?; √ 1. kṛ, [Pāṇ. vi, 1, 12], [Kāś.]) the wheel (of a carriage, of the Sun's chariot [[RV.]], of Time [[i, 164, 2]-[48]]; °kráṃ-√ car, to drive in a carriage, [ŚBr. vi]), [RV.] &c.
a potter's wheel, [ŚBr. xi]; [Yājñ. iii, 146] (cf. -bhrama &c.)
a discus or sharp circular missile weapon (esp. that of Viṣṇu), [MBh.]; [R.]; [Suśr.]; [Pañcat.]; [BhP.]
an oil-mill, [Mn. iv, 85]; [MBh. xii, 6481] & [7697]
a circle, [R.]; [BhP.] &c. (kalāpa-, ‘the circle of a peacock's tail’, [Ṛtus. ii, 14])
an astronomical circle (e.g. rāśi-, the zodiac), [VarBṛS.]; [Sūryas.]
a mystical circle or diagram, [Tantr.]
= -bandha, q.v., [Sāh. x, 13 a/b]
a cycle, cycle of years or of seasons, [Hariv. 652]
‘a form of military array (in a circle)’, see -vyūha
circular flight (of a bird), [Pañcat. ii, 57]
a particular constellation in the form of a hexagon, [VarBṛS. xx]; [VarBṛ.]; [Laghuj.]
a circle or depression of the body (for mystical or chiromantic purposes; 6 in number, one above the other, viz. 1. mūlādhāra, the parts about the pubis; 2. svādhiṣṭhāna, the umbilical region; 3. maṇi-pūra, the pit of the stomach or epigastrium; 4. anāhata, the root of the nose; 5. viśuddha, the hollow between the frontal sinuses; 6. ājñākhya, the fontanelle or union of the coronal and sagittal sutures; various faculties and divinities are supposed to be present in these hollows)
N. of a metre (= -pāta)
a circle or a similar instrument (used in astron.), [Laghuj.]; [Sūryas. xiii, 20]; [Gol. xi, 10 ff.]
(also m., [L.]) a troop, multitude, [MBh. v], [ix] (°krāvalī, q.v.), [Hariv.]; [R.] &c.
the whole number of (in comp.), [Sarvad. xi, 127]
a troop of soldiers, army, host, [MBh.] (ifc. f(A). , [iii, 640]), [BhP. i], [ix]; [Cāṇ.]
a number of villages, province, district, [L.]
(fig.) range, department, [VarBṛS. xxx, 33]
the wheel of a monarch's chariot rolling over his dominions, sovereignty, realm, [Yājñ. i, 265]; [MBh. i], [xiii]; [BhP. ix, 20, 32]; [VP.]
cakrá n. (pl.) the winding of a river, [L.]
a whirlpool, [L.]
a crooked or fraudulent device (cf. cakrikā), [L.]
the convolutions or spiral marks of the Śāla-grāma or ammonite, [W.]
N. of a medicinal plant or drug, [Suśr. v f.]
of a Tīrtha, [BhP. x, 78, 19]
cakrá m. the ruddy goose or Brāhmany duck (Anas Casarca, called after its cries; cf. -vāká), [MBh. ix, 443]; [Bālar. viii, 58]; [Kathās. lxxii, 40]; [ŚārṅgP.]
(pl.) N. of a people, [MBh. vi, 352]
(g. aśvādi) N. of a man, [BṛĀrUp. iii, 4], 1 Sch.
of another man, [Kathās. lvi, 144]
of a Nāga, [MBh. i, 2147]
of one of Skanda's attendants, [MBh. ix, 2539] and [2542]
of a mountain, [BhP. v, 20, 15]; [Kathās. liv, 16]
f. N. of a town in Aṅga (the modern Bhāgalpur or a place in its vicinity; residence of Karṇa, [MBh. xii, 134 ff.]; of Brahma-datta, [Buddh.]), [MBh.] &c.
f. a kind of elaborate composition in which the same subject is continued through alternations in prose and verse (gadya and padya), [Kāvyād. i, 31]; [Sāh. vi, 336]; [Pratāpar.] (cf. gaṅgā-, nala-.)
cánas n. ‘delight, satisfaction’, only with √ dhā P. and Ā. to delight in, be satisfied with (acc. or loc.), enjoy, [RV.]; [VS. viii, 7] (cf. sá- and sa-cánas.)
catúr °tvā́ras m. pl., °tvā́ri n. pl., 4 (acc. m. °túras instr. °túrbhis [for f., [R. iv, 39, 33]] gen. °turṇā́m abl. °túrbhyas; class. instr. dat. abl., and loc. also oxyt. [Pāṇ. vi, 1, 180 f.]; ifc. [Kāś.] & [Siddh.] on [Pāṇ. vii, 1, 55] and [98 ff.]; for f. See cátasṛ);